Introduction

The Westminster Larger Catechism was drawn up in 1646 and 1647 by the Assembly of Westminster Divines. Over a period of five years, the assembly also produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Westminster Shorter Catechism.

Question 1

What is the chief and highest end of man?

Man’s chief and highest end is to glorify God, (Romans 11:36, 1 Corinthians 10:31) and fully to enjoy him forever. (Psalm 73:24-28, John 17:21-23)

Question 2

How doth it appear that there is a God?

The very light of nature in man, and the works of God, declare plainly that there is a God; (Romans 1:19-20, Psalm 19:1-3, Acts 17:28) but his word and Spirit only do sufficiently and effectually reveal him unto men for their salvation. (1 Corinthians 2:9-10, 2 Timothy 3:15-17, Isaiah 59:21)

Question 3

What is the word of God?

The holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament are the word of God, (2 Timothy 3:16, 2 Peter 1:19-21) the only rule of faith and obedience. (Ephesians 2:20, Revelation 22:18-19, Isaiah 8:20, Luke 16:29,31, Galatians 1:8-9, 2 Timothy 3:15-16)

Question 4

How doth it appear that the scriptures are of the word of God?

The scriptures manifest themselves to be the word of God, by their majesty (Hosea 8:12, 1 Corinthians 2:6-7,13, Psalm 119:18,129) and purity; (Psalm 12:6, Psalm 119:140) by the consent of all the parts, (Acts 10:43, Acts 26:22) and the scope of the whole, which is to give all glory to God; (Romans 3:19,27) by their light and power to convince and convert sinners, to comfort and build up believers unto salvation: (Acts 18:28, Hebrews 4:12, James 1:18, Psalm 19:7-9, Romans 15:4, Acts 20:32) but the Spirit of God bearing witness by and with the scriptures in the heart of man, is alone able fully to persuade it that they are the very word of God. (John 16:13-14, 1 John 2:20,27, John 20:31)

Question 5

What do the scriptures principally teach?

The scriptures principally teach, what man is to believe concerning God, and what duty God requires of man. (2 Timothy 1:13)

What man ought to believe concerning God

Question 6

What do the scriptures make known of God?

The scriptures make known what God is, (Hebrews 11:6) the persons in the Godhead, (1 John 5:7) his decrees, (Acts 15:14-15,18) and the execution of his decrees. (Acts 4:27-28)

Question 7

What is God?

God is a Spirit, (John 4:24) in and of himself infinite in being, (Exodus 3:14, Job 11:7-9) glory, (Acts 7:2) blessedness, (1 Timothy 6:15) and perfection; (Matthew 5:48) all-sufficient, (Genesis 17:1) eternal, (Psalm 90:2) unchangeable, (Malachi 3:6, James 1:17) incomprehensible, (1 Kings 8:27) every where present, (Psalm 139:1-13) almighty, (Revelation 4:8) knowing all things, (Hebrews 4:13, Psalm 147:5) most wise, (Romans 16:27) most holy, (Isaiah 6:3, Revelation 15:4) most just, (Deuteronomy 32:4) most merciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth. (Exodus 34:6)

Question 8

Are there more Gods than one?

There is but one only, the living and true God. (Deuteronomy 6:4, 1 Corinthians 8:4,6, Jeremiah 10:10)

Question 9

How many persons are there in the Godhead?

There be three persons in the Godhead, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one true, eternal God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory; although distinguished by their personal properties. (1 John 5:7, Matthew 3:16-17, Matthew 28:19, 2 Corinthians 13:14, John 10:30)

Question 10

What are the personal properties of the three persons in the Godhead?

It is proper to the Father to beget the Son, (Hebrews 1:5-6,8) and to the Son to be begotten of the Father, (John 1:14,18) and to the Holy Ghost to proceed from the Father and the Son from all eternity. (John 15:26, Galatians 4:6)

Question 11

How doth it appear that the Son and the Holy Ghost are God equal with the Father?

The scriptures manifest that the Son and the Holy Ghost are God equal with the Father, ascribing unto them such names, (Isaiah 6:3,5,8, John 12:41, Acts 28:25, 1 John 5:20, Acts 5:3-4) attributes, (John 1:1, Isaiah 9:6, John 2:24-25, 1 Corinthians 2:10-11) works, (Colossians 1:16, Genesis 1:2) and worship, (Matthew 28:19, 2 Corinthians 8:14) as are proper to God only.

Question 12

What are the decrees of God?

God’ s decrees are the wise, free, and holy acts of the counsel of his will, (Ephesians 1:11, Romans 11:33, Romans 9:14-15,18) whereby, from all eternity, he hath, for his own glory, unchangeably foreordained whatsoever comes to pass in time, (Ephesians 1:4,11, Romans 9:22-23, Psalm 33:11) especially concerning angels and men.

Question 13

What hath God especially decreed concerning angels and men?

God, by an eternal and immutable decree, out of his mere love, for the praise of his glorious grace, to be manifested in due time, hath elected some angels to glory; (1 Timothy 5:21) and in Christ hath chosen some men to eternal life, and the means thereof: (Ephesians 1:4-6, 2 Thessalonians 2:13-14) and also, according to his sovereign power, and the unsearchable counsel of his own will, (whereby he extendeth or withholdeth favor as he pleaseth,) hath passed by and foreordained the rest to dishonor and wrath, to be for their sin inflicted, to the praise of the glory of his justice. (Romans 9:17-18,21-22, Matthew 11:25-26, 2 Timothy 2:20, Jude 4, 1 Peter 2:8)

Question 14

How doth God execute his decrees?

God executeth his decrees in the works of creation and providence, according to his infallible foreknowledge, and the free and immutable counsel of his own will. (Ephesians 1:11)

Question 15

What is the work of creation?

The work of creation is that wherein God did in the beginning, by the word of his power, make of nothing the world, and all things therein, for himself, within the space of six days, and all very good. (Genesis 1, Hebrews 11:3, Proverbs 16:4)

Question 16

How did God create angels?

God created all the angels (Colossians 1:16) spirits, (Psalm 104:4) immortal, (Matthew 22:30) holy, (Matthew 25:31) excelling in knowledge, (2 Samuel 14:17, Matthew 24:36) mighty in power, (2 Thessalonians 1:7) to execute his commandments, and to praise his name, (Psalm 103:20-21) yet subject to change. (2 Peter 2:4)

Question 17

How did God create man?

After God had made all other creatures, he created man male and female; (Genesis 1:27) formed the body of the man of the dust of the ground, (Genesis 2:7) and the woman of the rib of the man, (Genesis 2:22) endued them with living, reasonable, and immortal souls; (Genesis 2:7, Job 35:11, Ecclesiastes 12:7, Matthew 10:28, Luke 23:43) made them after his own image, (Genesis 1:27) in knowledge, (Colossians 3:10) righteousness, and holiness; (Ephesians 4:24) having the law of God written in their hearts, (Romans 2:14-15) and power to fulfill it, (Ecclesiastes 7:29) and dominion over the creatures; (Genesis 1:28) yet subject to fall. (Genesis 3:6, Ecclesiastes 7:29)

Question 18

What are God’ s works of providence?

God’ s works of providence are his most holy, (Psalm 145:17) wise, (Psalm 104:24, Isaiah 28:29) and powerful preserving (Hebrews 1:3) and governing (Psalm 103:19) all his creatures; ordering them, and all their actions, (Matthew 10:29-31, Genesis 45:7) to his own glory. (Romans 11:36, Isaiah 63:14)

Question 19

What is God’s providence towards the angels?

God by his providence permitted some of the angels, willfully and irrecoverably, to fall into sin and damnation, (Jude 6, 2 Peter 2:4, Hebrews 2:16, John 8:44) limiting and ordering that, and all their sins, to his own glory; (Job 1:12, Matthew 8:31) and established the rest in holiness and happiness; (1 Timothy 5:21, Mark 8:38, Hebrews 12:22) employing them all, (Psalm 104:4) at his pleasure, in the administrations of his power, mercy, and justice. (2 Kings 19:35, Hebrews 1:14)

Question 20

What was the providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created?

The providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created, was the placing him in paradise, appointing him to dress it, giving him liberty to eat of the fruit of the earth; (Genesis 2:8,15-16) putting the creatures under his dominion, (Genesis 1:28) and ordaining marriage for his help; (Genesis 2:18) affording him communion with himself; (Genesis 1:26-29, Genesis 3:8) instituting the Sabbath; (Genesis 2:3) entering into a covenant of life with him, upon condition of personal, perfect, and perpetual obedience, (Galatians 3:12, Romans 10:5) of which the tree of life was a pledge; (Genesis 2:9) and forbidding to eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, upon the pain of death. (Genesis 2:17)

Question 21

Did man continue in that estate wherein God at first created him?

Our first parents being left to the freedom of their own will, through the temptation of Satan, transgressed the commandment of God in eating the forbidden fruit; and thereby fell from the estate of innocency wherein they were created. (Genesis 3:6-8,13, Ecclesiastes 7:29, 2 Corinthians 11:3)

Question 22

Did all mankind fall in that first transgression?

The covenant being made with Adam as a public person, not for himself only, but for his posterity, all mankind descending from him by ordinary generation, (Acts 17:26) sinned in him, and fell with him in that first transgression. (Genesis 2:16-17, Romans 5:12-20, 1 Corinthians 15:21-22)

Question 23

Into what estate did the fall bring mankind?

The fall brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery. (Romans 5:12, Romans 3:23)

Question 24

What is sin?

Sin is any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, any law of God, given as a rule to the reasonable creature. (1 John 3:4, Galatians 3:10,12)

Question 25

Wherein consisteth the sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell?

The sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell, consisteth in the guilt of Adam’ s first sin, (Romans 5:12,19) the want of that righteousness wherein he was created, and the corruption of his nature, whereby he is utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite unto all that is spiritually good, and wholly inclined to all evil, and that continually; (Romans 3:10-19, Ephesians 2:1-3, Romans 5:6, Romans 8:7-8, Genesis 6:5) which is commonly called Original Sin, and from which do proceed all actual transgressions. (James 1:14-15, Matthew 15:19)

Question 26

How is original sin conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity?

Original sin is conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity by natural generation, so as all that proceed from them in that way are conceived and born in sin. (Psalm 51:5, Job 14:4, Job 15:14, John 3:6)

Question 27

What misery did the fall bring upon mankind?

The fall brought upon mankind the loss of communion with God, (Genesis 3:8,10,24) his displeasure and curse; so as we are by nature children of wrath, (Ephesians 2:2-3) bond slaves to Satan, (2 Timothy 2:26) and justly liable to all punishments in this world, and that which is to come. (Genesis 2:17, Lamentations 3:39, Romans 6:23, Matthew 25:41,46, Jude 7)

Question 28

What are the punishments of sin in this world?

The punishments of sin in this world are either inward, as blindness of mind, (Ephesians 4:18) a reprobate sense, (Romans 1:28) strong delusions, (2 Thessalonians 2:11) hardness of heart, (Romans 2:5) horror of conscience, (Isaiah 33:14, Genesis 4:13, Matthew 27:4) and vile affections; (Romans 1:26) or outward, as the curse of God upon the creatures of our sakes, (Genesis 3:17) and all other evils that befall us in our bodies, names, estates, relations, and employments; (Deuteronomy 28:15-18) together with death itself. (Romans 6:21,23)

Question 29

What are the punishments of sin in the world to come?

The punishments of sin in the world to come, are everlasting separation from the comfortable presence of God, and most grievous torments in soul and body, without intermission, in hell-fire for ever. (2 Thessalonians 1:9, Mark 9:43-44,46,48, Luke 16:24)

Question 30

Doth God leave all mankind to perish in the estate of sin and misery?

God doth not leave all men to perish in the estate of sin and misery, (1 Thessalonians 5:9) into which they fell by the breach of the first covenant, commonly called the Covenant of Works; (Galatians 3:10,12) but of his mere love and mercy delivereth his elect out of it, and bringeth them into an estate of salvation by the second covenant, commonly called the Covenant of Grace. (Titus 3:4-7, Galatians 3:21, Romans 3:20,8-9)

Question 31

With whom was the covenant of grace made?

The covenant of grace was made with Christ as the second Adam, and in him with all the elect as his seed. (Galatians 3:16, Romans 5:15-21, Isaiah 53:10-11)

Question 32

How is the grace of God manifested in the second covenant?

The grace of God is manifested in the second covenant, in that he freely provideth and offereth to sinners a Mediator, (Genesis 3:15, Isaiah 42:6, John 6:27) and life and salvation by him; (1 John 5:11-12) and requiring faith as the condition to interest them in him, (John 3:16, John 1:12) promiseth and giveth his Holy Spirit (Proverbs 1:23) to all his elect, to work in them that faith, (2 Corinthians 4:13) with all other saving graces; (Galatians 5:22-23) and to enable them unto all holy obedience, (Ezekiel 36:27) as the evidence of the truth of their faith (James 2:18,22) and thankfulness to God, (2 Corinthians 5:14-15) and as the way which he hath appointed them to salvation. (Ephesians 2:10)

Question 33

Was the covenant of grace always administered after one and the same manner?

The covenant of grace was not always administered after the same manner, but the administrations of it under the Old Testament were different from those under the New. (2 Corinthians 3:6-7,21-22)

Question 34

How was the covenant of grace administered under the Old Testament?

The covenant of grace was administered under the Old Testament, by promises, (Romans 15:8) prophecies, (Acts 3:20,24) sacrifices, (Hebrews 10:1) circumcision, (Romans 4:11) the passover, (1 Corinthians 5:7) and other types and ordinances, which did all fore-signify Christ then to come, and were for that time sufficient to build up the elect in faith in the promised Messiah, (Hebrews 8,9,10,11,13) by whom they then had full remission of sin, and eternal salvation. (Galatians 3:7-9,14)

Question 35

How is the covenant of grace administered under the New Testament?

Under the New Testament, when Christ the substance was exhibited, the same covenant of grace was and still is to be administered in the preaching of the word, (Mark16:15) and the administration of the sacraments of baptism (Matthew 28:19-20) and the Lord’ s supper; (1 Corinthians 11:23-25) in which grace and salvation are held forth in more fulness, evidence, and efficacy, to all nations. (2 Corinthians 3:6-9, Hebrews 8:6,10-11, Matthew 28:19)

Question 36

Who is the Mediator of the covenant of grace?

The only Mediator of the covenant of grace is the Lord Jesus Christ, (1 Timothy 2:5) who, being the eternal Son of God, of one substance and equal with the Father, (John 1:1,14, John 10:30, Philippians 2:6) in the fulness of time became man, (Galatians 4:4) and so was and continues to be God and man, in two entire distinct natures, and one person, for ever. (Luke 1:35, Romans 9:5, Colossians 2:9, Hebrews 7:24-25)

Question 37

How did Christ, being the Son of God, become man?

Christ the Son of God became man, by taking to himself a true body, and a reasonable soul, (John 1:14, Matthew 26:38) being conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost in the womb of the Virgin Mary, of her substance, and born of her, (Luke 1:27,31,35,42, Galatians 4:4) yet without sin. (Hebrews 4:15, Hebrews 7:26)

Question 38

Why was it requisite that the Mediator should be God?

It was requisite that the Mediator should be God, that he might sustain and keep the human nature from sinking under the infinite wrath of God, and the power of death, (Acts 2:24-25, Romans 1:4, Romans 4:25, Hebrews 9:14) give worth and efficacy to his sufferings, obedience, and intercession; (Acts 20:28, Hebrews 9:14, Hebrews 7:25-28) and to satisfy God’ s justice, (Romans 3:24-26) procure his favour, (Ephesians 1:6, Matthew 3:17) purchase a peculiar people, (Titus 2:13-14) give his Spirit to them, (Galatians 4:6) conquer all their enemies, (Luke 1:68-69,71,74) and bring them to everlasting salvation. (Hebrews 5:8-9, Hebrews 9:11-15)

Question 39

Why was it requisite that the Mediator should be man?

It was requisite that the Mediator should be man, that he might advance our nature, (Hebrews 2:16) perform obedience to the law, (Galatians 4:4) suffer and make intercession for us in our nature, (Hebrews 2:14, Hebrews 7:24-25) have a fellow-feeling of our infirmities; (Hebrews 4:15) that we might receive the adoption of sons, (Galatians 4:5) and have comfort and access with boldness unto the throne of grace. (Hebrews 4:16)

Question 40

Why was it requisite that the Mediator should be God and man in one person?

It was requisite that the Mediator, who was to reconcile God and man, should himself be both God and man, and this in one person, that the proper works of each nature might be accepted of God for us, (Matthew 1:21,23, Matthew 3:17, Hebrews 9:14) and relied on by us as the works of the whole person. (1 Peter 2:6)

Question 41

Why was our Mediator called Jesus?

Our Mediator was called Jesus, because he saveth his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21)

Question 42

Why was our Mediator called Christ?

Our Mediator was called Christ, because he was anointed with the Holy Ghost above measure, (John 3:34, Psalm 45:7) and so set apart, and fully furnished with all authority and ability, (John 6:27, Matthew 28:18-20) to execute the offices of prophet, (Acts 3:21-22, Luke 4:18,21) priest, (Hebrews 5:5-7, Hebrews 4:14-15) and king of his church, (Psalm 2:6, Matthew 21:5, Isaiah 9:6-7, Philippians 2:8-11) in the estate both of his humiliation and exaltation.

Question 43

How doth Christ execute the office of a prophet?

Christ executeth the office of a prophet, in his revealing to the church, (John 1:18) in all ages, by his Spirit and word, (1 Peter 1:10-12) in divers ways of administration, (Hebrews 1:1-2) the whole will of God, (John 15:15) in all things concerning their edification and salvation. (Acts 20:32, Ephesians 4:11-13, John 20:31)

Question 44

How doth Christ execute the office of a priest?

Christ executeth the office of a priest, in his once offering himself a sacrifice without spot to God, (Hebrews 9:14,28) to be reconciliation for the sins of his people; (Hebrews 2:17) and in making continual intercession for them. (Hebrews 7:25)

Question 45

How doth Christ execute the office of a king?

Christ executeth the office of a king, in calling out of the world a people to himself, (Acts 15:14-16, Isaiah 55:4-5, Genesis 49:10, Psalm 110:3) and giving them officers, (Ephesians 4:11-12, 1 Corinthians 12:28) laws, (Isaiah 33:22) and censures, by which he visibly governs them; (Matthew 18:17-18, 1 Corinthians 5:4-5) in bestowing saving grace upon his elect, (Acts 5:31) rewarding their obedience, (Revelation 22:12, Revelation 2:10) and correcting them for their sins, (Revelation 3:19) preserving and supporting them under all their temptations and sufferings, (Isaiah 63:9) restraining and overcoming all their enemies, (1 Corinthians 15:25, Psalm 110:1-2) and powerfully ordering all things for his own glory, (Romans 14:10-11) and their good; (Romans 8:28) and also in taking vengeance on the rest, who know not God, and obey not the gospel. (2 Thessalonians 1:8-9, Psalm 2:8-9)

Question 46

What was the estate of Christ’ s humiliation?

The estate of Christ’ s humiliation was that low condition, wherein he for our sakes, emptying himself of his glory, took upon him the form of a servant, in his conception and birth, life, death, and after his death, until his resurrection. (Philippians 2:6-8, Luke 1:31, 2 Corinthians 8:9, Acts 2:24)

Question 47

How did Christ humble himself in his conception and birth?

Christ humbled himself in his conception and birth, in that, being from all eternity the Son of God, in the bosom of the Father, he was pleased in the fulness of time to become the son of man, made of a woman of low estate, and to be born of her; with divers circumstances of more than ordinary abasement. (John 1:14,18, Galatians 4:4, Luke 2:7)

Question 48

How did Christ humble himself in his life?

Christ humbled himself in his life, by subjecting himself to the law, (Galatians 4:4) which he perfectly fulfilled; (Matthew 5:17, Romans 5:19) and by conflicting with the indignities of the world, (Psalm 22:6, Hebrews 12:2-3) temptations of Satan, (Matthew 4:1-12, Luke 4:13) and infirmities in his flesh, whether common to the nature of man, or particularly accompanying that his low condition. (Hebrews 2:17-18, Hebrews 4:15, Isaiah 52:13-14)

Question 49

How did Christ humble himself in his death?

Christ humbled himself in his death, in that having been betrayed by Judas, (Matthew 27:4) forsaken by his disciples, (Matthew 26:56) scorned and rejected by the world, (Isaiah 53:2-3) condemned by Pilate, and tormented by his persecutors; (Matthew 27:26-50, John 19:34) having also conflicted with the terrors of death, and the powers of darkness, felt and borne the weight of God’ s wrath, (Luke 22:44, Matthew 27:46) he laid down his life an offering for sin, (Isaiah 53:10) enduring the painful, shameful, and cursed death of the cross. (Philippians 2:8, Hebrews 12:2, Galatians 3:13)

Question 50

Wherein consisted Christ’ s humiliation after his death?

Christ’ s humiliation after his death consisted in his being buried, (1 Corinthians 15:3-4) and continuing in the state of the dead, and under the power of death till the third day; (Psalm 16:10, Acts 2:24-27,31, Romans 6:9, Matthew 12:40) which hath been otherwise expressed in these words, He descended into hell.

Question 51

What was the estate of Christ’ s exaltation?

The estate of Christ’ s exaltation comprehendeth his resurrection, (1 Corinthians 15:4) ascension, (Mark 16:19) sitting at the right hand of the Father, (Ephesians 1:20) and his coming again to judge the world. (Acts 1:11, Acts 17:31)

Question 52

How was Christ exalted in his resurrection?

Christ was exalted in his resurrection, in that, not having seen corruption in death, (of which it was not possible for him to be held,)(Acts 2:24,27) and having the very same body in which he suffered, with the essential properties thereof, (Luke 24:3) (but without mortality, and other common infirmities belonging to this life,) really united to his soul, (Romans 6:9, Revelation 1:18) he rose again from the dead the third day by his own power; (John 10:18) whereby he declared himself to be the Son of God, (Romans 1:4) to have satisfied divine justice, (Romans 8:34) to have vanquished death, and him that had the power of it, (Hebrews 2:14) and to be Lord of quick and dead: (Romans 14:9) all which he did as a public person, (1 Corinthians 15:21-22) the head of his church, (Ephesians 1:20-23, Colossians 1:18) for their justification, (Romans 4:25) quickening in grace, (Ephesians 2:1,5-6, Colossians 2:12) support against enemies, (1 Corinthians 15:25-27) and to assure them of their resurrection from the dead at the last day. (1 Corinthians 15:20)

Question 53

How was Christ exalted in his ascension?

Christ was exalted in his ascension, in that having after his resurrection often appeared unto and conversed with his apostles, speaking to them of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God, (Acts 1:2-3) and giving them commission to preach the gospel to all nations, (Matthew 28:19-20) forty days after his resurrection, he, in our nature, and as our head, (Hebrews 6:20) triumphing over enemies, (Ephesians 4:8) visibly went up into the highest heavens, there to receive gifts for men, (Acts 1:9-11, Ephesians 4:10, Psalm 68:18) to raise up our affections thither, (Colossians 3:1-2) and to prepare a place for us, (John 14:3) where he himself is, and shall continue till his second coming at the end of the world. (Acts 3:21)

Question 54

How is Christ exalted in his sitting at the right hand of God?

Christ is exalted in his sitting at the right hand of God, in that as God-man he is advanced to the highest favour with God the Father, (Philippians 2:9) with all fulness of joy, (Acts 2:28, Psalm 16:11) glory, (John 17:5) and power over all things in heaven and earth; (Ephesians 1:22, 1 Peter 3:22) and does gather and defend his church, and subdue their enemies; furnishes his ministers and people with gifts and graces, (Ephesians 4:10-12, Psalm 110) and makes intercession for them. (Romans 8:34)

Question 55

How does Christ make intercession?

Christ maketh intercession, by his appearing in our nature continually before the Father in heaven, (Hebrews 9:12 ,24) in the merit of his obedience and sacrifice on earth, (Hebrews 1:3) declaring his will to have it applied to all believers; (John 3:16, John 17:9,20,24) answering all accusations against them, (Romans 8:33-34) and procuring for them quiet of conscience, notwithstanding daily failings, (Romans 5:1-2, 1 John 2:1-2) access with boldness to the throne of grace, (Hebrews 4:16) and acceptance of their persons (Ephesians 1:6) andservices. (1 Peter 2:5)

Question 56

How is Christ to be exalted in his coming again to judge the world?

Christ is to be exalted in his coming again to judge the world, in that he, who was unjustly judged and condemned by wicked men, (Acts 3:14-15) shall come again at the last day in great power, (Matthew 24:30) and in the full manifestation of his own glory, and of his Father’ s, with all his holy angels, (Luke 9:26, Matthew 25:31) with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God, (1 Thessalonians 4:16) to judge the world in righteousness. (Acts 17:31)

Question 57

What benefits has Christ procured by his mediation?

Christ, by his mediation, has procured redemption, (Hebrews 9:12) with all other benefits of the covenant of grace. (2 Corinthians 1:20)

Question 58

How do we come to be made partakers of the benefits which Christ hath procured?

We are made partakers of the benefits which Christ hath procured, by the (application) of them unto us, (John 1:11-12) which is the work especially of God the Holy Ghost. (Titus 3:5-6)

Question 59

Who are made partakers of redemption through Christ?

Redemption is certainly applied, and effectually communicated, to all those for whom Christ hath purchased it; (Ephesians 1:13-14, John 6:37,39 , John 10:15-16) who are in time by the Holy Ghost enabled to believe in Christ according to the gospel. (Ephesians 2:8, 2 Corinthians 4:13)

Question 60

Can they who have never heard the gospel, and so know not Jesus Christ, nor believe in him, be saved by their living according to the light of nature?

They who, having never heard the gospel, (Romans 10:14) know not Jesus Christ, (2 Thessalonians 1:8-9, Ephesians 2:12, John 1:10-12) and believe not in him, cannot be saved, (John 8:24, Mark 16:16) be they never so diligent to frame their lives according to the light of nature, (1 Corinthians 1:20-24) or the laws of that religion which they profess; (John 4:22, Romans 9:31-32, Philippians 3:4-9) neither is there salvation in any other, but in Christ alone, (Acts 4:12) who is the Savior only of his body the church. (Ephesians 5:23)

Question 61

Are all they saved who hear the gospel, and live in the church?

All that hear the gospel, and live in the (visible church), are not saved; but they only who are true members of the (church invisible). (John 12:38-40, Romans 9:6, Matthew 22:14, Matthew 7:21, Romans 11:7)

Question 62

What is the visible church?

The visible church is a society made up of all such as in all ages and places of the world do profess the true religion, (1 Corinthians 1:2, 1 Corinthians 12:13, Romans 15:9-12, Revelation 7:9, Psalm 2:8, Psalm 22:27-31, Psalm 45:17, Matthew 28:19-20, Isaiah 59:21) and of their children. (1 Corinthians 7:14, Acts 2:39, Romans 11:16, Genesis 17:7)

Question 63

What are the special privileges of the visible church?

The visible church hath the privilege of being under God’ s special care and government; (Isaiah 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 4:10) of being protected and preserved in all ages, notwithstanding the opposition of all enemies; (Psalm 115:1-2,9, Isaiah 31:4-5, Zechariah 12:2-4,8,9) and of enjoying the communion of saints, the ordinary means of salvation, (Acts 2:39,42) and offers of grace by Christ to all members of it in the ministry of the gospel, testifying, that whosoever believes in him shall be saved, (Psalm 147:19-20, Romans 9:4, Ephesians 4:11-12, Mark 16:15-16) and excluding none that will come unto him. (John 6:37)

Question 64

What is the invisible church?

The invisible church is the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one under Christ the head. (Ephesians 1:10,22-23, John 10:16, John 11:52)

Question 65

What special benefits do the members of the invisible church enjoy by Christ?

The members of the invisible church by Christ enjoy union and communion with him in grace and glory. (John 17:21, Ephesians 2:5-6, John 17:24)

Question 66

What is that union which the elect have with Christ?

The union which the elect have with Christ is the work of God’ s grace, (Ephesians 1:22, Ephesians 2:6-7) whereby they are spiritually and mystically, yet really and inseparably, joined to Christ as their head and husband; (1 Corinthians 6:17, John 10:28, Ephesians 5:23,30) which is done in their effectual calling. (1 Peter 5:10, 1 Corinthians 1:9)

Question 67

What is effectual calling?

Effectual calling is the work of God’ s almighty power and grace, (John 5:25, Ephesians 1:18-20, 2 Timothy 1:8-9) whereby (out of his free and special love to his elect, and from nothing in them moving him thereunto) (Titus 3:4-5, Ephesians 2:4-5,7-9, Romans 9:11) he doth, in his accepted time, invite and draw them to Jesus Christ, by his word and Spirit; (2 Corinthians 5:20, 2 Corinthians 6:1-2, John 6:44, 2 Thessalonians 2:13-14) savingly enlightening their minds, (Acts 26:18, 1 Corinthians 2:10,12) renewing and powerfully determining their wills, (Ezekiel 11:19, Ezekiel 36:26-27, John 6:45) so as they (although in themselves dead in sin) are hereby made willing and able freely to answer his call, and to accept and embrace the grace offered and conveyed therein. (Ephesians 2:5, Philippians 2:13, Deuteronomy 30:6)

Question 68

Are the elect only effectually called?

All the elect, and they only, are effectually called: (Acts 13:48) although others may be, and often are, outwardly called by the ministry of the word, (Matthew 22:14) and have some common operations of the Spirit; (Matthew 7:22, Matthew 13:20-21, Hebrews 6:4-6) who, for their willful neglect and contempt of the grace offered to them, being justly left in their unbelief, do never truly come to Jesus Christ. (John 12:38-40, Acts 28:25-27, John 6:64-65, Psalm 81:11-12)

Question 69

What is the communion in grace which the members of the invisible church have with Christ?

The communion in grace which the members of the invisible church have with Christ, is their partaking of the virtue of his mediation, in their justification, (Romans 8:30) adoption, (Ephesians 1:5) sanctification, and whatever else, in this life, manifests their union with him. (1 Corinthians 1:30)

Question 70

What is justification?

Justification is an act of God’ s free grace unto sinners, (Romans 3:22, 24-25, Romans 4:5) in which he pardoneth all their sins, accepteth and accounteth their persons righteous in his sight; (2 Corinthians 5:19, 21, Romans 3:22, 24, 25, 27, 28) not for any thing wrought in them, or done by them, (Titus 3:5,7, Ephesians 1:7) but only for the perfect obedience and full satisfaction of Christ, by God imputed to them, (Romans 5:17-19, Romans 4:6-8) and received by faith alone. (Acts 10:43, Galatians 2:16, Philippians 3:9)

Question 71

How is justification an act of God’ s free grace?

Although Christ, by his obedience and death, did make a proper, real, and fully satisfaction to God’ s justice in the behalf of them that are justified; (Romans 5:8-10,19) yet in as much as God accepteth the satisfaction from a surety, which he might have demanded of them, and did provide this surety, his own only Son, (1 Timothy 2:5-6, Hebrews 10:10, Matthew 20:28, Daniel 9:24,26, Isaiah 53:4-6,10-12, Hebrews 7:22, Romans 8:32, 1 Peter 1:18-19) imputing his righteousness to them, (2 Corinthians 5:21) and requiring nothing of them for their justification but faith, (Romans 3:24-25) which also is his gift, (Ephesians 2:8) their justification is to them of free grace. (Ephesians 1:7)

Question 72

What is justifying faith?

Justifying faith is a saving grace, (Hebrews 10:39) wrought in the heart of a sinner by the Spirit (2 Corinthians 4:13, Ephesians 1:17-19) and word of God, (Romans 10:14-17) whereby he, being convinced of his sin and misery, and of the disability in himself and all other creatures to recover him out of his lost condition, (Acts 2:37, Acts 16:30, John 16:8-9, Romans 5:6, Ephesians 2:1, Acts 4:12) not only assenteth to the truth of the promise of the gospel, (Ephesians 1:13) but received and rested upon Christ and his righteousness, therein held forth, for pardon of sin, (John 1:12, Acts 16:31, Acts 10:43) and for the accepting and accounting of his person righteous in the sight of God for salvation. (Philippians 3:9, Acts 15:11)

Question 73

How doth faith justify a sinner in the sight of God?

Faith justifies a sinner in the sight of God, not because of those other graces which do always accompany it, or of good works that are the fruits of it, (Galatians 3:11, Romans 3:28) nor as if the grace of faith, or any act thereof, were imputed to him for his justification; (Romans 4:5, Romans 10:10) but only as it is an instrument by which he receiveth and applieth Christ and his righteousness. (John 1:12, Philippians 3:9, Galatians 2:16)

Question 74

What is adoption?

Adoption is an act of the free grace of God, (1 John 3:1) in and for his only Son Jesus Christ, (Ephesians 1:5, Galatians 4:4-5) whereby all those that are justified are received into the number of his children, (John 1:12) have his name put upon them, (2 Corinthians 6:18, Revelation 3:12) the Spirit of his Son given to them, (Galatians 4:6) are under his fatherly care and dispensations, (Psalm 103:13, Proverbs 14:26, Matthew 6:32) admitted to all the liberties and privileges of the sons of God, made heirs of all the promises, and fellow-heirs with Christ in glory. (Hebrews 6:12, Romans 8:17)

Question 75

What is sanctification?

Sanctification is a work of God’ s grace, whereby they whom God hath, before the foundation of the world, chosen to be holy, are in time, through the powerful operation of his Spirit (Ephesians 1:4, 1 Corinthians 6:11, 2 Thessalonians 2:13) applying the death and resurrection of Christ unto them, (Romans 6:4-6) (renewed in their whole man after the image of God;) (Ephesians 4:23-24) having the seeds of repentance unto life, and all other saving graces, put into their hearts, (Acts 11:18, 1 John 3:9) and those graces so stirred up, increased, and strengthened, (Jude 20, Hebrews 6:11-12, Ephesians 3:16-19, Colossians 1:10-11) as that they more and more die unto sin, and rise unto newness of life. (Romans 6:4,6,14, Galatians 5:24)

Question 76

What is repentance unto life?

Repentance unto life is a saving grace, (2 Timothy 2:25) wrought in the heart of a sinner by the Spirit (Zechariah 12:10) and word of God, (Acts 11:18,20-21) whereby, out of the sight and sense, not only of the danger, (Ezekiel 18:28,30,32, Luke 15:17-18, Hosea 2:6-7) but also of the filthiness and odiousness of his sins, (Ezekiel 36:31, Isaiah 30:22) and upon the apprehension of God’ s mercy in Christ to such as are penitent, (Joel 2:12-13) he so grieves for (Jeremiah 31:18-19) and hates his sins, (2 Corinthians 7:11) as that he turns from them all to God, (Acts 26:18, Ezekiel 14:6, 1 Kings 8:47-48) purposing and endeavouring constantly to walk with him in all the ways of new obedience. (Psalm 119:6,59,128, Luke 1:6, 2 Kings 23:25)

Question 77

Wherein do justification and sanctification differ?

Although sanctification be inseparably joined with justification, (1 Corinthians 6:11, 1 Corinthians 1:30) yet they differ, in that God in justification imputeth the righteousness of Christ; (Romans 4:6, 8) in sanctification of his Spirit infuseth grace, and enableth to the exercise thereof; (Ezekiel 36:27) in the former, sin is pardoned; (Romans 3:24-25) in the other, it is subdued: (Romans 6:6,14) the one doth equally free all believers from the revenging wrath of God, and that perfectly in this life, that they never fall into condemnation (Romans 8:33-34) the other is neither equal in all, (1 John 2:12-14, Hebrews 5:12-14) nor in this life perfect in any, (1 John 1:8,10) but growing up to perfection. (2 Corinthians 7:1, Philippians 3:12-14)

Question 78

Whence ariseth the imperfection of sanctification in believers?

The imperfection of sanctification in believers ariseth from (the remnants of sin abiding in every part of them), and the perpetual lustings of the flesh against the spirit; whereby they are often foiled with temptations, and fall into many sins, (Romans 7:18,23, Mark 14:66-72, Galatians 2:11-12) are hindered in all their spiritual services, (Hebrews 12:1) and their best works are imperfect and defiled in the sight of God. (Isaiah 64:6, Exodus 28:38)

Question 79

May not true believers, by reason of their imperfections, and the many temptations and sins they are overtaken with, fall away from the state of grace?

True believers, by reason of the unchangeable love of God, (Jeremiah 31:3) and his decree and covenant to give them perseverance, (2 Timothy 2:19, Hebrews 13:20-21, 2 Samuel 23:5) their inseparable union with Christ, (1 Corinthians 1:8-9) his continual intercession for them, (Hebrews 7:25, Luke 22:32) and the Spirit and seed of God abiding in them, (1 John 3:9, 1 John 2:27) can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace, (Jeremiah 32:40, John 10:28) but are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation. (1 Peter 1:5)

Question 80

Can true believers be infallibly assured that they are in the estate of grace, and that they shall persevere therein unto salvation?

Such as truly believe in Christ, and endeavour to walk in all good conscience before him, (1 John 2:3) may, without extraordinary revelation, by faith grounded upon the truth of God’ s promises, and by the Spirit enabling them to discern in themselves those graces to which the promises of life are made, (1 Corinthians 2:12, 1 John 3:14,18-19,21,24, 1 John 4:13,16, Hebrews 6:11-12) and bearing witness with their spirits that they are the children of God, (Romans 8:16) be infallibly assured that they are in the estate of grace, and shall persevere therein unto salvation. (1 John 5:13)

Question 81

Are all true believers at all times assured of their present being in the estate of grace, and that they shall be saved?

Assurance of grace and salvation not being of the essence of faith, (Ephesians 1:13) true believers may wait long before they obtain; (Isaiah 50:10, Psalm 88:1-3,6-7,9,10,13-15) and, after the enjoyment thereof, may have it weakened and intermitted, through manifold distempers, sins, temptations, and desertions; (Psalm 77:1-12, Cant. 5:2-3, 6, Psalm 51:8,12, Psalm 31:22, Psalm 22:1) yet they are never left without such a presence and support of the Spirit of God as keeps them from sinking into utter despair. (1 John 3:9, Psalm 73:15,23, Isaiah 54:7-10)

Question 82

What is the communion in glory which the members of the invisible church have with Christ?

The communion in glory which the members of the invisible church have with Christ, is in this life, (2 Corinthians 3:18) immediately after death, (Luke 23:43) and at last perfected at the resurrection and day of judgment. (1 Thessalonians 4:17)

Question 83

What is the communion in glory with Christ which the members of the invisible church enjoy in this life?

The members of the invisible church have communicated to them in this life the first-fruits of glory with Christ, as they are members of him their head, and so in him are interested in that glory which he is fully possessed of; (Ephesians 2:5-6) and, as an earnest thereof, enjoy the sense of God’ s love, (Romans 5:5, 2 Corinthians 1:22) peace of conscience, joy in the Holy Ghost, and hope of glory; (Romans 5:1-2,Romans 14:17) as, on the contrary, sense of God’ s revenging wrath, horror of conscience, and a fearful expectation, are to the wicked the beginning of their torments which they shall endure after death. (Genesis 4:13, Matthew 27:4, Hebrews 10:27, Romans 2:9, Mark 9:44)

Question 84

Shall all men die?

Death being threatened as the wages of sin, (Romans 6:23) it is appointed unto all men once to die; (Hebrews 9:27) for that all have sinned. (Romans 5:12)

Question 85

Death, being the wages of sin, why are not the righteous delivered from death, seeing all their sins are forgiven in Christ?

The righteous shall be delivered from death itself at the last day, and even in death are delivered from the sting and curse of it; (1 Corinthians 15:26,55-57, Hebrews 2:15) so that, although they die, yet it is out of God’ s love, (Isaiah 57:1-2, 2 Kings 22:20) to free them perfectly from sin and misery, (Revelation 14:13, Ephesians 5:27) and to make them capable of further communion with Christ in glory, which they then enter upon. (Luke 23:43, Philippians 1:23)

Question 86

What is the communion in glory with Christ, which the members of the invisible church enjoy immediately after death?

The communion in glory with Christ, which the members of the invisible church enjoy immediately after death is, in that their souls are then made perfect in holiness, (Hebrews 12:23) and received into the highest heavens, (2 Corinthians 5:1,6,8, Philippians 1:23, Acts 3:21, Ephesians 4:10) where they behold the face of God in light and glory, (1 John 3:2, 1 Corinthians 13:12) waiting for the full redemption of their bodies, (Romans 8:23, Psalm 16:9) which even in death continue united to Christ, (1 Thessalonians 4:14) and rest in their graves as in their beds, (Isaiah 57:2) till at the last day they be again united to their souls. (Job 19:26-27) Whereas the souls of the wicked are at their death cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, and their bodies kept in their graves, as in their prisons, till the resurrection and judgment of the great day. (Luke 16:23-24, Acts 1:25, Jude 6-7)

Question 87

What are we to believe concerning the resurrection?

We are to believe that at the last day there shall be a general resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust: (Acts 24:15) when they that are then found alive shall in a moment be changed; and the self-same bodies of the dead which were laid in the grave, being then again united to their souls for ever, shall be raised up by the power of Christ. (1 Corinthians 15:51-53, 1 Thessalonians 4:15-17, John 5:28-29) The bodies of the just, by the Spirit of Christ, and by virtue of his resurrection as their head, shall be raised in power, spiritual, incorruptible, and made like to his glorious body; (1 Corinthians 15:21-23,42-44, Philippians 3:21) and the bodies of the wicked shall be raised up in dishonour by him, as an offended judge. (John 5:27-29, Matthew 25:33)

Question 88

What shall immediately follow after the resurrection?

Immediately after the resurrection shall follow the general and final judgment of angels and men; (2 Peter 2:4,6-7,14-15, Matthew 25:46) the day and hour whereof no man knoweth, that all may watch and pray, and be ever ready for the coming of the Lord. (Matthew 24:36,42,44)

Question 89

What shall be done to the wicked at the day of judgment?

At the day of judgment, the wicked shall be set on Christ’ s left hand, (Matthew 25:33) and, upon clear evidence, and full conviction of their own consciences, (Romans 2:15-16) shall have the fearful but just sentence of condemnation pronounced against them; (Matthew 25:41-43) and thereupon shall be cast out from the favourable presence of God, and the glorious fellowship with Christ, his saints, and all his holy angels, into hell, to be punished with unspeakable torments, both of body and soul, with the devil and his angels for ever. (Luke 16:26, 2 Thessalonians 1:8-9)

Question 90

What shall be done to the righteous at the day of judgment?

At the day of judgment, the righteous, being caught up to Christ in the clouds, (1 Thessalonians 4:17) shall be set on his right hand, and there openly acknowledged and acquitted, (Matthew 25:33, Matthew 10:32) shall join with him in the judging of reprobate angels and men, (1 Corinthians 6:2-3) and shall be received into heaven, (Matthew 25:34,46) where they shall be fully and for ever freed from all sin and misery; (Ephesians 5:27, Revelation 14:13) filled with inconceivable joys, (Psalm 16:11) made perfectly holy and happy both in body and soul, in the company of innumerable saints and holy angels, (Hebrews 12:22-23) but especially in the immediate vision and fruition of God the Father, of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, to all eternity. (1 John 3:2, 1 Corinthians 13:12, 1 Thessalonians 4:17-18) And this is the perfect and full communion, which the members of the invisible church shall enjoy with Christ in glory, at the resurrection and day of judgment.

Having seen what the Scriptures principally teach us concerning God, it follows to consider what they require as the duty of man

Question 91

What is the duty which God requireth of man?

The duty which God requireth of man, is obedience to his revealed will. (Romans 12:1-2, Micah 6:8, 1 Samuel 15:22)

Question 92

What did God at first reveal unto man as the rule of his obedience?

The rule of obedience revealed to Adam in the estate of innocence, and to all mankind in him, besides a special command not to eat of the fruit of the tree knowledge of good and evil, was the moral law. (Genesis 1:26-27, Romans 2:14-15, Romans 10:5, Genesis 2:17)

Question 93

What is the moral law?

The moral law is the declaration of the will of God to mankind, direction and binding every one to personal, perfect, and perpetual conformity and obedience thereunto, in the frame and disposition of the whole man, soul and body, (Deuteronomy 5:1-3,31,33, Luke 10:26-27, Galatians 3:10, 1 Thessalonians 5:23) and in performance of all those duties of holiness and righteousness which he oweth to God and man: (Luke 1:75, Acts 24:16) promising life upon the fulfilling, and threatening death upon the breach of it. (Romans 10:5, Galatians 3:10,12)

Question 94

Is there any use of the moral law to man since the fall?

Although no man, since the fall, can attain to righteousness and life by the moral law: (Romans 8:3, Galatians 2:16) yet there is great use thereof, as well common to all men, as peculiar either to the unregenerate, or the regenerate. (1 Timothy 1:8)

Question 95

Of what use is the moral law to all men?

The moral law is of use to all men, to inform them of the holy nature and the will of God, (Leviticus 11:44-45, Leviticus 20:7-8, Romans 7:12) and of their duty, binding them to walk accordingly; (Micah 6:8, James 2:10-11) to convince them of their disability to keep it, and of the sinful pollution of their nature, hearts, and lives: (Psalm 19:11-12, Romans 3:20, Romans 7:7) to humble them in the sense of their sin and misery, (Romans 3:9,23) and thereby help them to a clearer sight of the need they have of Christ, (Galatians 3:21-22) and of the perfection of his obedience. (Romans 10:4)

Question 96

What particular use is there of the moral law to unregenerate men?

The moral law is of use to unregenerate men, to awaken their consciences to flee from wrath to come, (1 Timothy 1:9-10) and to drive them to Christ; (Galatians 3:24) or, inexcusable, (Romans 1:20, Romans 2:15) and under the curse thereof. (Galatians 3:10)

Question 97

What special use is there of the moral law to the regenerate?

Although they that are regenerate, and believe in Christ, be delivered from the moral law as a covenant of works, (Romans 6:14, Romans 7:4,6, Galatians 4:4-5) so as thereby they are neither justified (Romans 3:20) nor condemned; (Galatians 5:23, Romans 8:1) yet, besides the general uses thereof common to them with all men, it is of special use, to show them how much they are bound to Christ for his fulfilling it, and enduring the curse thereof in their stead, and for their good; (Romans 7:24-25, Galatians 3:13-14, Romans 8:3-4) and thereby to provoke them to more thankfulness, (Luke 1:68-69,74-75, Colossians 1:12-14) and to express the same in their greater care to conform themselves thereunto as the rule to their obedience. (Romans 7:22, Romans 12:2, Titus 2:11-14)

Question 98

Where is the moral law summarily comprehended?

The moral law is summarily comprehended in the ten commandments, which were delivered by the voice of God upon Mount Sinai, and written by him in two tables of stone; (Deuteronomy 10:4, Exodus 34:1-4) and are recorded in the twentieth chapter of Exodus. The four first commandments containing our duty to God, and the other six our duty to man. (Matthew 22:37-40)

Question 99

What rules are to be observed for the right understanding of the ten commandments?

For the right understanding of the ten commandments, these rules are to be observed:

1. That the law is perfect, and bindeth every one to full conformity in the whole man unto the righteousness thereof, and unto entire obedience for ever; so as to require the utmost perfection of every duty, and to forbid the least degree of every sin. (Psalm 19:7, James 2:10, Matthew 5:21-22)

2. That it is spiritual, and so reacheth the understanding, will, affections, and all other powers of the soul; as well as words, works, and gestures. (Romans 7:14, Deuteronomy 6:5, Matthew 22:37-39, Matthew 5:21-22,27-28,33-34,37-39,43-44)

3. That one and the same thing, in divers respects, is required or forbidden in several commandments. (Colossians 3:5, Amos 8:5, Proverbs 1:19, 1 Timothy 6:10)

4. That as, where a duty is commanded, the contrary sin is forbidden; (Isaiah 58:13, Deuteronomy 6:13, Matthew 4:9-10, Matthew 15:4-6) and, where a sin is forbidden, the contrary duty is commanded: (Matthew 5:21-25, Ephesians 4:28) so, where a promise is annexed, the contrary threatening is included; (Exodus 20:12, Proverbs 30:17) and, where a threatening is annexed, the contrary promise is included. (Jeremiah 18:7-8, Exodus 20:7, Psalm 15:1,4-5, Psalm 24:4-5)

5. That what God forbids, is at no time to be done; (Job 13:7-8, Romans 3:8, Job 36:21, Hebrews 11:25) what he commands, is always our duty; (Deuteronomy 4:8-9) and yet every particular duty is not to be done at all times. (Matthew 12:7)

6. That under one sin or duty, all of the same kind are forbidden or commanded; together with all the causes, means occasions, and appearances thereof, and provocations thereunto. (Matthew 5:21-22,27-28, Matthew 15:4-6, Hebrews 10:24-25, 1 Thessalonians 5:22, Jude 23, Galatians 5:26, Colossians 3:21)

7. That what is forbidden or commanded to ourselves, we are bound, according to our places to endeavour that it may be avoided or performed by others, according to the duty of their places. (Exodus 20:10, Leviticus 19:17, Genesis 18:19, Joshua 24:15, Deuteronomy 6:6-7)

8. That in what is commanded to others, we are bound, according to our places and callings, to be helpful to them; (2 Corinthians 1:24) and to take heed of partaking with others in what is forbidden them. (1 Timothy 5:22, Ephesians 5:11)

Question 100

What special things are we to consider in the ten commandments?

We are to consider in the ten commandments, the preface, the substance of the commandments themselves, and several reasons annexed to some of them, the more to enforce them.

Question 101

What is the preface to the ten commandments?

The preface to the ten commandments is contained in these words, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. (Exodus 20:2) Wherein God manifesteth his sovereignty, as being JEHOVAH, the eternal, immutable, and almighty God; (Isaiah 44:6) having his being in and of himself, (Exodus 3:14) and giving being to all his words (Exodus 6:3) and works: (Acts 17:24,28) and that he is a God in covenant, as with Israel of old, so with all his people; (Genesis 17:7, Romans 3:29) who, as he brought them out of their bondage in Egypt, so he delivereth us from our spiritual thraldom; (Luke 1:74-75) and that therefore we are bound to take him for our God alone, and to keep all his commandments. (1 Peter 1:15,17-18, Leviticus 18:30,19:37)

Question 102

What is the sum of the four commandments which contain our duty to God?

The sum of the four commandments containing our duty to God is, to love the Lord our God with all our heart, and with all our soul, and with all our strength, and with all our mind. (Luke 10:27)

Question 103

Which is the first commandment?

The first commandment is, Thou shalt have no other gods before me. (Exodus 20:3)

Question 104

What are the duties required in the first commandment?

The duties required in the first commandment are, the knowing and acknowledging of God to be the only true God, and our God; (1 Chronicles 28:9, Deuteronomy 26:7, Isaiah 43:10, Jeremiah 14:22) and to worship and glorify him accordingly, (Psalm 95:6-7, Matthew 4:10, Psalm 29:2) by thinking, (Malachi 3:16) mediating, (Psalm 63:6) remembering, (Ecclesiastes 12:1) highly esteeming, (Psalm 71:19) honouring, (Malachi 1:6) adoring, (Isaiah 45:23) choosing, (Joshua 24:15,22) loving, (Deuteronomy 6:5) desiring, (Psalm 73:25) fearing of him; (Isaiah 8:13) believing him; (Exodus 14:31) trusting (Isaiah 26:4) hoping, (Psalm 130:7) delighting, (Psalm 37:4) rejoicing in him; (Psalm 32:11) being zealous for him; (Romans 12:11, Num. 25:11) calling upon him, giving all praise and thanks, (Philippians 4:6) and yielding all obedience and submission to him with the whole man; (Jeremiah 7:23, James 4:7) being careful in all things to please him, (1 John 3:22) and sorrowful when in any thing he is offended; (Jeremiah 31:18, Psalm 119:136) and walking humbly with him. (Micah 6:8)

Question 105

What are the sins forbidden in the first commandment?

The sins forbidden in the first commandment are, Atheism, in denying or not having a God; (Psalm 14:1, Ephesians 2:12) Idolatry, in having or worshipping more gods than one, or any with or instead of the true God; (Jeremiah 2:27-28, 1 Thessalonians 1:9) the not having and avouching him for God, and our God; (Psalm 81:11) the omission or neglect of any thing due to him, required in this commandment; (Isaiah 43:22-24) ignorance, (Jeremiah 4:22, Hosea 4:1,6) forgetfulness, (Jeremiah 2:32) misapprehensions, (Acts 17:23,29) false opinions, (Isaiah 40:18) unworthy and wicked thoughts of him; (Psalm 50:21) bold and curious searching into his secrets; (Deuteronomy 29:29) all profaneness, (Titus 1:16, Hebrews 12:16) hatred of God; (Romans 1:30) self-love, (2 Timothy 3:2) self-seeking, (Philippians 2:21) and all other inordinate and im-moderate setting of our mind, will, or affections upon other things, and taking them off from him in whole or in part; (1 John 2:15-16, 1 Samuel 2:29, Colossians 3:2,5) vain credulity, (1 John 4:1) unbelief, (Hebrews 3:12) heresy, (Galatians 5:20, Titus 3:10) misbelief, (Acts 26:9) distrust, (Psalm 78:22) despair, (Genesis 4:13) incorrigibleness, (Jeremiah 5:3) and insensibleness under judgments, (Isaiah 42:25) hardness of heart, (Romans 2:5) pride, (Jeremiah 13:15) presumption, (Psalm 19:13) carnal security, (Zephaniah 1:12) tempting of God; (Matthew 4:7) using unlawful means, (Romans 3:8) and trusting in lawful means; (Jeremiah 17:5) carnal delights and joys; (2 Timothy 3:4) corrupt, blind, and indiscreet zeal; (Galatians 4:17, John 16:2, Romans 10:2, Luke 9:54-55) lukewarmness, (Revelation 3:16) and deadness in the things of God; (Revelation 2:1) estranging ourselves, and apostatizing from God; (Ezekiel 14:5, Isaiah 1:4-5) praying, or giving any religious worship, to saints, angels, or any other creatures; (Romans 10:13-14, Hosea 4:12, Acts 10:25-26, Revelation 19:10, Matthew 4:10, Colossians 2:18, Romans 1:25) all compacts and consulting with the devil, (Leviticus 20:6, 1 Samuel 28:7,11, 1 Chronicles 10:13-14) and hearkening to his suggestions; (Acts 5:3) making men the lords of our faith and conscience; (2 Corinthians 1:24, Matthew 23:9) slighting and despising God and his commands; (Deuteronomy 32:15, 2 Samuel 12:9, Proverbs 13:13) resisting and grieving of his Spirit, (Acts 7:51, Ephesians 4:30) discontent and impatience at his dispensations, charging him foolishly for the evils he inflicts on us; (Psalm 73:2-3,13-15,22, Job 1:22) and ascribing the praise of any good we either are, have or can do, to fortune, (1 Samuel 6:7-9) idols, (Daniel 5:23) ourselves, (Deuteronomy 8:17, Daniel 4:30) or any other creature. (Habakkuk 1:16)

Question 106

What are we specially taught by these words [before me] in the first commandment?

These words [before me] or before my face, in the first commandment, teach us, that God, who seeth all things, taketh special notice of, and is much displeased with, the sin of having any other God: that so it may be an argument to dissuade from it, and to aggravate it as a most impudent provocation: (Ezekiel 8:5-6, Psalm 44:20-21) as also to persuade us to do as in his sight, whatever we do in his service. (1 Chronicles 28:9)

Question 107

Which is the second commandment?

The second commandment is, Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments. (Exodus 20:4-5,6)

Question 108

What are the duties required in the second commandment?

The duties required in the second commandment are, the receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God hath instituted in his word; (Deuteronomy 32:46-47, Matthew 28:20, Acts 2:42, 1 Timothy 6:13-14) particularly prayer and thanksgiving in the name of Christ; (Philippians 4:6, Ephesians 5:20) the reading, preaching, and hearing of the word; (Deuteronomy 17:18-19, Acts 15:21, 2 Timothy 4:2, James 1:21-22, Acts 10:33) the administration and receiving of the sacraments; (Matthew 28:19, 1 Corinthians 11:23-30) church government and discipline; (Matthew 18:15-17, Matthew 16:19, 1 Corinthians 5, 1 Corinthians 12:28) the ministry and maintenance thereof; (Ephesians 4:11-12, 1 Timothy 5:17-18, 1 Corinthians 9:7-15) religious fasting; (Joel 2:12,18, 1 Corinthians 7:5) swearing by the name of God; (Deuteronomy 6:13) and vowing unto him; (Isaiah 19:21, Psalm 76:11) as also the disapproving, detesting, opposing all false worship; (Acts 17:16-17, Psalm 16:4) and, according to each one’ s place and calling, removing it, and all monuments of idolatry. (Deuteronomy 7:5, Isaiah 30:22)

Question 109

What are the sins forbidden in the second commandment?

The sins forbidden in the second commandment are, all devising, (Numbers 15:39) counselling, (Deuteronomy 13:6-8) commanding, (Hosea 5:11, Micah 6:16) using, (1 Kings 11:33, 1 Kings 12:33) and any wise approving, any religious worship not instituted by God himself; (Deuteronomy 12:30-32) the making any representation of God, of all or of any of the three persons, either inwardly in our mind, or outwardly in any kind of image or likeness of any creature whatsoever; (Deuteronomy 4:15-19, Acts 17:29, Romans 1:21-23,25) all worshipping of it, (Daniel 3:18, Galatians 4:8) or God in it or by it; (Exodus 32:5) the making of any representation of feigned deities, (Exodus 32:8) and all worship of them, or service belonging to them, (1 Kings18:26,28, Isaiah 65:11) all superstitious devices, (Acts 17:22, Colossians 2:21-23) corrupting the worship of God, (Malachi 1:7-8,14) adding to it, or taking from it, (Deuteronomy 4:2) whether invented and taken up of ourselves, (Psalm 106:39) or received by tradition from others, (Matthew 15:9) though under the title of antiquity, (1 Peter 1:18) custom, (Jeremiah 44:17) devotion, (Isaiah 65:3-5, Galatians 1:13-14) good intent, or any other pretence whatsoever; (1 Samuel 13:11-12, 1 Samuel 15:21) simony; (Acts 8:18) sacrilege; (Romans 2:22, Malachi 3:8) all neglect, (Exodus 4:24-26) contempt, (Matthew 22:5, Malachi 1:7,13) hindering, (Matthew 23:13) and opposing the worship and ordinances which God hath appointed. (Acts 13:44-45, 1 Thessalonians 2:15-16)

Question 110

What are the reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it?

The reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it, contained in these words, For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments; (Exodus 20:5-6) are, besides God’ s sovereignty over us, and propriety in us, (Psalm 45:11. Revelation 15:3-4) his fervent zeal for his own worship, (Exodus 34:13-14) and his revengeful indignation against all false worship, as being a spiritual whoredom; (1 Corinthians 10:20-22, Deuteronomy 32:16-20) accounting the breakers of this commandment such as hate him, and threatening to punish them unto divers generations; (Hosea 2:2-4) and esteeming the observers of it such as love him and keep his commandments, and promising mercy to them unto many generations. (Deuteronomy 5:29)

Question 111

Which is the third commandment?

The third commandment is, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain: for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. (Exodus 20:7)

Question 112

What is required in the third commandment?

The third commandment requires, That the name of God, his titles, attributes, (Matthew 6:9, Deuteronomy 28:58, Psalm 29:2, Psalm 68:4, Revelation 15:3-4) ordinances, (Malachi 1:14, Ecclesiastes 5:1) the word, (Psalm 138:2) sacraments, (1 Corinthians 11:24-25,28-29) prayer, (1 Timothy 2:8) oaths, (Jeremiah 4:2) vows, (Ecclesiastes 5:2) lots, (Acts 1:24,26) his works, (Job 36:24) and whatsoever else there is whereby he makes himself known, be holy and reverently used in thought, (Malachi 3:16) meditation, (Psalm 8:1,3-4,9) word, (Colossians 3:17, Psalm 105:2,5) and writing; (Psalm 102:18) by an holy profession, (1 Peter 3:15, Micah 4:5) and answerable conversation, (Philippians 1:27) to the glory of God, (1 Corinthians 10:31) and the good of ourselves, (Jeremiah 32:39) and others. (1 Peter 2:12)

Question 113

What are the sins forbidden in the third commandment?

The sins forbidden in the third commandment are, the not using of God’ s name as is required; (Malachi 2:2) and the abuse of it in an ignorant, (Acts 17:23) vain, (Proverbs 30:9) irreverent, profane, (Malachi 1:6-7,12, Malachi 3:14) superstitious (1 Samuel 4:3-5, Jeremiah 7:4,9-10,14,31, Colossians 2:20-22) or wicked mentioning or otherwise using his titles, attributes, (2 Kings 18:30,35, Exodus 5:2, Psalm 139:20) ordinances, (Psalm 50:16-17) or works, (Isaiah 5:12) by blasphemy, (2 Kings 19:22, Leviticus 24:11) perjury; (Zechariah 5:4, Zechariah 8:17) all sinful cursings, (1 Samuel 17:43, 2 Samuel 16:5) oaths, (Jeremiah 5:7, Jeremiah 23:10) vows, (Deuteronomy 23:18, Acts 23:12,14) and lots; (Esther 3:7, Esther 9:24, Psalm 22:18) violation of our oaths and vows, if lawful (Psalm 24:4, Ezekiel 17:16,18-19) and fulfilling them, if of things unlawful; (Mark 6:26, 1 Samuel 25:22,32-34) murmuring and quarrelling at, (Romans 9:14,19-20) curious prying into, (Deuteronomy 29:29) and misapplying of God’ s decrees (Romans 3:5,7, Romans 6:1) and providences; (Ecclesiastes 8:11, Ecclesiastes 9:3, Psalm 39) misinterpreting, (Matthew 5:21-48) misapplying, (Ezekiel 13:22) or any way perverting the word, or any part of it; (2 Peter 3:16, Matthew 22:24-31,25,28-30) to profane jests, (Isaiah 22:13, Jeremiah 23:34,36,38) curious or unprofitable questions, vain janglings, or the maintaining of false doctrines; (1 Timothy 1:4,6-7, 1 Timothy 6:4-5,20, 2 Timothy 2:14, Titus 3:9) abusing it, the creatures, or any thing contained under the name of God, to charms, (Deuteronomy 18:10-14,11-12, Acts 19:13) or sinful lusts and practices; (2 Timothy 4:3-4, Romans 13:13-14, 1 Kings 21:9-10, Jude 4) the maligning, (Acts 13:45, 1 John 3:12) scorning, (Psalm 1:1, 2 Peter 3:3) reviling, (1 Peter 4:4) or any wise opposing of God’ s truth, grace, and ways; (Acts 13:45-46,50, Acts 4:18, Acts 19:9, 1 Thessalonians 2:16, Hebrews 10:29) making profession of religion in hypocrisy, or for sinister ends; (2 Timothy 3:5, Matthew 23:14, Matthew 6:1-2,5,16) being ashamed of it, (Mark 8:38) or a shame to it, by unconformable, (Psalm 73:14-15) unwise, (1 Corinthians 6:5-6, Ephesians 5:15-17) unfruitful, (Isaiah 5:4, 2 Peter 1:8-9) and offensive walking, (Romans 2:23-24) or backsliding from it. (Galatians 3:1,3, Hebrews 6:6)

Question 114

What reasons are annexed to the third commandment?

The reasons annexed to the third commandment, in these words, [The Lord thy God,] and, [For the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain,] (Exodus 20:7) are, because he is the Lord and our God, therefore his name is not to be profaned, or any way abused by us; (Leviticus 19:12) especially because he will be so far from acquitting and sparing the transgressors of this commandment, as that he will not suffer them to escape his righteous judgment; (Ezekiel 36:21-23, Deuteronomy 28:58-59, Zechariah 5:2-4) albeit many such escape the censures and punishments of men. (1 Samuel 2:12,17,22,24, 1 Samuel 3:13)

Question 115

Which is the fourth commandment?

The fourth commandment is, Remember the sabbath-day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested in the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath-day and hallowed it. (Exodus 20:8-11)

Question 116

What is required in the fourth commandment?

The fourth commandment requireth of all men the sanctifying or keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his word, expressly one whole day in seven; which was the seventh from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, and the first day of the week ever since, and so to continue to the end of the world; which is the Christian sabbath, (Deuteronomy 5:12-14, Genesis 2:2-3, 1 Corinthians 16:1-2, Matthew 5:17-18, Isaiah 56:2,4,6-7) and in the New Testament called The Lord’ s day. (Revelation 1:10)

Question 117

How is the sabbath or the Lord’s day to be sanctified?

The sabbath or Lord’s day is to be sanctified by an holy resting all the day, (Exodus 20:8,10) not only from such works as are at all times sinful, but even from such worldly employments and recreations as are on other days lawful; (Exodus 16:25-28, Nehemiah 13:15-22, Jeremiah 17:21-22) and making it our delight to spend the whole time (except so much of it as is to be taken up in works of necessity and mercy (Matthew 12:1-13) ) in the public and private exercises of God’ s worship: (Isaiah 58:13, Luke 4:16, Acts 20:7, 1 Corinthians 16:1-2, Psalm 92, Isaiah 66:23, Leviticus 23:3) and, to that end, we are to prepare our hearts, and with such foresight, diligence, and moderation, to dispose and seasonably dispatch our worldly business, that we may be the more free and fit for the duties of that day. (Exodus 20:8,56, Luke 23:54, Exodus 16:22,25-26,29)

Question 118

Why is the charge of keeping the sabbath more specially directed to governors of families, and other superiors?

The charge of keeping the sabbath is more specially directed to governors of families, and other superiors, because they are bound not only to keep it themselves, but to see that it be observed by all those that are under their charge; and because they are prone ofttimes to hinder them by employments of their own. (Exodus 20:10, Joshua 24:15, Nehemiah 13:15,17, Jeremiah 17:20-22, Exodus 23:12)

Question 119

What are the sins forbidden in the fourth commandment?

The sins forbidden in the fourth commandment are, all omissions of the duties required, (Ezekiel 22:26) all careless, negligent, and unprofitable performing of them, and being weary of them; (Acts 20:7,9, Ezekiel 33:30-32, Amos 8:5, Malachi 1:13) all profaning the day by idleness, and doing that which is in itself sinful; (Ezekiel 23:38) and by all needless works, words, and thoughts, about our worldly employments and recreations. (Jeremiah 17:24,27, Isaiah 58:13)

Question 120

What are the reasons annexed to the fourth commandment, the more to enforce it?

The reasons annexed to the fourth commandment, the more to enforce it, are taken from the equity of it, God allowing us six days of seven for our own affairs, and reserving but one for himself in these words, Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: (Exodus 20:9) from God’ s challenging a special propriety in that day, The seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: (Exodus 20:10) from the example of God, who in six days made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: and from that blessing which God put upon that day, not only in sanctifying it to be a day for his service, but in ordaining it to be a means of blessing to us in our sanctifying it; Wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath-day, and hallowed it. (Exodus 20:11)

Question 121

Why is the Word Remember set in the beginning of the fourth commandment?

The word Remember is set in the beginning of the fourth commandment, (Exodus 20:8) partly, because of the great benefit of remembering it, we being thereby helped in our preparation to keep it, (Exodus 16:23, Luke 23:54,56, Mark 15:42, Nehemiah 13:19) and, in keeping it, better to keep all the rest of the commandments, (Psalm 92:13-14, Ezekiel 20:12,19-20) and to continue a thankful remembrance of the two great benefits of creation and redemption, which contain a short abridgment of religion; (Genesis 2:2-3, Psalm 118:22,24, Acts 4:10-11, Revelation 1:10) and partly, because we are very ready to forget it, (Ezekiel 22:26) for that there is less light of nature for it, (Nehemiah 9:14) and yet it restraineth our natural liberty in things at other times lawful; (Exodus 34:21) that it cometh but once in seven days, and many worldly businesses come between, and too often take off our minds from thinking of it, either to prepare for it, or to sanctify it; (Deuteronomy 5:14-15, Amos 8:5) and that Satan with his instruments labours much to blot out the glory, and even the memory of it, to bring in all irreligion and impiety. (Lamentations 1:7, Jeremiah 17:21-23, Nehemiah 13:15-23)

Question 122

What is the sum of the six commandments which contain our duty to man?

The sum of the six commandments which contain our duty to man, is, to love our neighbour as ourselves, (Matthew 22:39) and to do to others what we would have them to do to us. (Matthew 7:12)

Question 123

Which is the fifth commandment?

The fifth commandment is, Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12)

Question 124

Who are meant by father and mother in the fifth commandment?

By father and mother, in the fifth commandment, are meant, not only natural parents, (Proverbs 23:22,25, Ephesians 6:1-2) but all superiors in age (1 Timothy 5:1-2) and gifts; (Genesis 4:20-22, Genesis 45:8) and especially such as, by God’ s ordinance, are over us in place of authority, whether in family, (2 Kings 5:13) church, (2 Kings 2:12, 2 Kings 13:14, Galatians 4:19) or commonwealth. (Isaiah 49:23)

Question 125

Why are superiors styled Father and Mother?

Superiors are styled Father and Mother, both to teach them in all duties toward their inferiors, like natural parents, to express love and tenderness to them, according to their several relations; (Ephesians 6:4, 2 Corinthians 12:14, 1 Thessalonians 2:7-8,11, Numbers 11:11-12) and to work inferiors to a greater willingness and cheerfulness in performing their duties to their superiors, as to their parents. (1 Corinthians 4:14-16, 2 Kings 5:13)

Question 126

What is the general scope of the fifth commandment?

The general scope of the fifth commandment is, the performance of those duties which we mutually owe in our several relations, as inferiors, superiors, or equals. (Ephesians 5:21, 1 Peter 2:17, Romans 12:10)

Question 127

What is the honour that inferiors owe to their superiors?

The honour which inferiors owe to their superiors is, all due reverence in heart, (Malachi 1:6, Leviticus 19:3) word, (Proverbs 31:28, 1 Peter 3:6) and behaviour; (Leviticus 19:32, 1 Kings 2:19) prayer and thanksgiving for them; (1 Timothy 2:1-2) imitation of their virtues and graces; (Hebrews 13:7, Philippians 3:17) willing obedience to their lawful commands and counsels; (Ephesians 6:1-2,6-7, 1 Peter 2:13-14, Romans 13:1-5, Hebrews 13:17, Proverbs 4:3-4, Proverbs 23:22, Exodus 18:19,24) due submission to their corrections; (Hebrews 12:9, 1 Peter 2:18-20) fidelity to, (Titus 2:9-10) defence, (1 Samuel 26:15-16, 2 Samuel 18:3, Esther 6:2) and maintenance of their persons and authority, according to their several ranks, and the nature of their places; (Matthew 22:21, Romans 13:6-7, 1 Timothy 5:17-18, Galatians 6:6, Genesis 45:11, Genesis 47:12) bearing with their infirmities, and covering them in love, (1 Peter 2:18, Proverbs 23:22, Genesis 9:23) that so they may be an honour to them and to their government. (Psalm 127:3-5, Proverbs 31:23)

Question 128

What are the sins of inferiors against their superiors?

The sins of inferiors against their superiors are, all neglect of the duties required toward them; (Matthew 15:4-6) envying at, (Numbers 11:28-29) contempt of, (1 Samuel 8:7, Isaiah 3:5) and rebellion (2 Samuel 15:1-12) against, their persons (Exodus 21:15) and places, (1 Samuel 10:27) in their lawful counsels, (1 Samuel 2:25) commands, and corrections; (Deuteronomy 21:18-21) cursing, mocking (Proverbs 30:11,17) and all such refractory and scandalous carriage, as proves a shame and dishonour to them and their government. (Proverbs 19:26)

Question 129

What is required of superiors towards their inferiors?

It is required of superiors, according to that power they receive from God, and that relation wherein they stand, to love, (Colossians 3:19, Titus 2:4) pray for, (1 Samuel 12:23, Job 1:5) and bless their inferiors; (1 Kings 8:55-56, Hebrews 7:7, Genesis 49:28) to instruct, (Deuteronomy 6:6-7) counsel, and admonish them; (Ephesians 6:4) countenancing, (1 Peter 3:7) commending, (1 Peter 2:14, Romans 13:3) and rewarding such as do well; (Esther 6:3) and discountenancing, (Romans 13:3-4) reproving, and chastising such as do ill; (Proverbs 29:15, 1 Peter 2:14) protecting, (Job 29:13-16, Isaiah 1:10,17) and providing for them all things necessary for soul (Ephesians 6:4) and body: (1 Timothy 5:8) and by grave, wise, holy, and exemplary carriage, to procure glory to God, (1 Timothy 4:12, Titus 2:3-5) honour to themselves, (1 Kings 3:28) and so to preserve that authority which God hath put upon them. (Titus 2:15)

Question 130

What are the sins of superiors?

The sins of superiors are, besides the neglect of the duties required of them, (Ezekiel 34:2-4) and inordinate seeking of themselves, (Philippians 2:21) their own glory, (John 5:44, John 7:18) ease, profit, or pleasure; (Isaiah 56:10-11, Deuteronomy 17:17) commanding things unlawful, (Daniel 3:4-6, Acts 4:17-18) or not in the power of inferiors to perform; (Exodus 5:10-18, Matthew 23:2,4) counseling, (Matthew 14:8, Mark 6:24) encouraging, (2 Samuel 13:28) or favouring them in that which is evil; (1 Samuel 3:13) dissuading, discouraging, or discountenancing them in that which is good; (John 7:46-49, Colossians 3:21, Exodus 5:17) correcting them unduly; (1 Peter 2:18-20, Hebrews 12:10, Deuteronomy 25:3) careless exposing, or leaving them to wrong, temptation, and danger; (Genesis 38:11,26, Acts 18:17) provoking them to wrath; (Ephesians 6:4) or any way dishonouring themselves, or lessening their authority, by an unjust, indiscreet, rigorous, or remiss behaviour. (Genesis 9:21, 1 Kings 12:13-16, 1 Kings 1:6, 1 Samuel 2:29-31)

Question 131

What are the duties of equals?

The duties of equals are, to regard the dignity and worth of each other, (1 Peter 2:17) in giving honour to go one before another; (Romans 12:10) and to rejoice in each others’ gifts and advancement, as their own. (Romans 12:15-16, Philippians 2:3-4)

Question 132

What are the sins of equals?

The sins of equals are, besides the neglect of the duties required, (Romans 13:8) the undervaluing of the worth, (2 Timothy 3:3) envying the gifts, (Acts 7:9, Galatians 5:26) grieving at the advancement or prosperity one of another; (Numbers 12:2, Esther 6:12-13) and usurping pre-eminence one over another. (3 John 9, Luke 22:24)

Question 133

What is the reason annexed to the fifth commandment, the more to enforce it?

The reason annexed to the fifth commandment, in these words, That thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, (Exodus 20:12) is an express promise of long life and prosperity, as far as it shall serve for God’ s glory and their own good, to all such as keep this commandment. (Deuteronomy 5:16, 1 Kings 8:25, Ephesians 6:2-3)

Question 134

Which is the sixth commandment?

The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill. (Exodus 20:13)

Question 135

What are the duties required in the sixth commandment?

The duties required in the sixth commandment are all careful studies, and lawful endeavors, to preserve the life of ourselves (Ephesians 5:28-29) and others (1 Kings 18:4) by resisting all thoughts and purposes, (Jeremiah 26:15-16, Acts 23:12,16-17,21,27) subduing all passions, (Ephesians 4:26-27) and avoiding all occasions, (2 Samuel 2:22, Deuteronomy 22:8) temptations, (Matthew 4:6-7, Proverbs 1:10,11,15-16) and practices, which tend to the unjust taking away the life of any; (1 Samuel 24:12, 1 Samuel 26:9-11, Genesis 37:21-22) by just defence thereof against violence, (Psalm 82:4, Proverbs 24:11-12, 1 Samuel 14:45) patient bearing of the hand of God, (James 5:7-11, Hebrews 12:9) quietness of mind, (1 Thessalonians 4:11, 1 Peter 3:3-4, Psalm 37:8-11) cheerfulness of spirit; (Proverbs 17:22) a sober use of meat, (Proverbs 25:16,27) drink, (1 Timothy 5:23) physick, (Isaiah 38:21) sleep, (Psalm 127:2) labour, (Ecclesiastes 5:12, 2 Thessalonians 3:10,12, Proverbs 16:26) and recreations; (Ecclesiastes 3:4,11) by charitable thoughts, (1 Samuel 19:4-5, 1 Samuel 22:13-14) love, (Romans 13:10) compassion, (Luke 10:33-34) meekness, gentleness, kindness; (Colossians 3:12-13) peaceable, (James 3:17) mild and courteous speeches and behaviour; (1 Peter 3:8-11, Proverbs 15:1, Judges 8:1-3) forbearance, readiness to be reconciled, patient bearing and forgiving of injuries, and requiting good for evil; (Matthew 5:24, Ephesians 4:2,32, Romans 12:17,20) comforting and succouring the distressed and protecting and defending the innocent. (1 Thessalonians 5:14, Job 31:19-20, Matthew 25:35-36, Proverbs 31:8-9)

Question 136

What are the sins forbidden in the sixth commandment?

The sins forbidden in the sixth commandment are, all taking away the life of ourselves, (Acts 16:28) or of others, (Genesis 9:6) except in case of public justice, (Numbers 35:31,33) lawful war, (Jeremiah 48:10, Deuteronomy 20:1) or necessary defence; (Exodus 22:2-3) the neglecting or withdrawing the lawful and necessary means of preservation of life; (Matthew 25:42-43, James 2:15-16, Ecclesiastes 6:1-2) sinful anger, (Matthew 5:22) hatred, (1 John 3:15, Leviticus 19:17) envy, (Proverbs 14:30) desire of revenge; (Romans 12:19) all excessive passions, (Ephesians 4:31) distracting cares; (Matthew 6:31,34) immoderate use of meat, drink, (Luke 21:34, Romans 13:13) labor, (Ecclesiastes 12:12, Ecclesiastes 2:22-23) and recreations; (Isaiah 5:12) provoking words, (Proverbs 15:1, Proverbs 12:18) oppression, (Ezekiel 18:18, Exodus 1:14) quarreling, (Galatians 5:15, Proverbs 23:29) striking, wounding, (Numbers 35:16-18,21) and whatsoever else tends to the destruction of the life of any. (Exodus 21:18-36)

Question 137

Which is the seventh commandment?

The seventh commandment is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. (Exodus 20:14)

Question 138

What are the duties required in the seventh commandment?

The duties required in the seventh commandment are, chastity in body, mind, affections, (1 Thessalonians 4:4, Job 31:1, 1 Corinthians 7:34) words, (Colossians 4:6) and behavior; (1 Peter 3:2) and the preservation of it in ourselves and others; (1 Corinthians 7:2,35-36) watchfulness over the eyes and all the senses; (Job 31:1) temperance, (Acts 24:24-25) keeping of chaste company, (Proverbs 2:16-20) modesty in apparel; (1 Timothy 2:9) marriage by those that have not the gift of continency, (1 Corinthians 7:2,9) conjugal love, (Proverbs 5:19-20) and cohabitation; (1 Peter 3:7) diligent labor in our callings; (Proverbs 31:11,27-28) shunning all occasions of uncleanliness, and resisting temptations thereunto. (Proverbs 5:8, Genesis 39:8-10)

Question 139

What are the sins forbidden in the seventh commandment?

The sins forbidden in the seventh commandment, besides the neglect of the duties required, (Proverbs 5:7) are, adultery, fornication, (Hebrews 13:4, Galatians 5:19) rape, incest, (2 Samuel 13:14, 1 Corinthians 5:1) sodomy, and all unnatural lusts; (Romans 1:24,26-27, Leviticus 20:15-16) all unclean imaginations, thoughts, purposes, and affections; (Matthew 5:28, Matthew 15:19, Colossians 3:5) all corrupt or filthy communications, or listening thereunto; (Ephesians 5:3-4, Proverbs 7:5,21-22) wanton looks, (Isaiah 3:16, 2 Peter 2:14) impudent or light behaviour, immodest apparel; (Proverbs 7:10,13) prohibiting of lawful, (1 Timothy 4:3) and dispensing with unlawful marriages; (Leviticus 18:1-21, Mark 6:18, Malachi 2:11-12) allowing, tolerating, keeping of stews, and resorting to them; (1 Kings 15:12, 2 Kings 23:7, Deuteronomy 23:17-18, Leviticus 19:29, Jeremiah 5:7, Proverbs 7:24-27) entangling vows of single life, (Matthew 19:10-11) undue delay of marriage, (1 Corinthians 7:7-9, Genesis 38:26) having more wives or husbands than one at the same time; (Malachi 2:14-15, Matthew 19:5) unjust divorce, (Malachi 2:16, Matthew 5:32) or desertion; (1 Corinthians 7:12-13) idleness, gluttony, drunkenness, (Ezekiel 16:49, Proverbs 23:30-33) unchaste company; (Genesis 39:19, Proverbs 5:8) lascivious songs, books, pictures, dancings, stage plays; (Ephesians 5:4, Ezekiel 23:14-16, Isaiah 23:15-17, Isaiah 3:16, Mark 6:22, Romans 13:13, 1 Peter 4:3) and all other provocations to, or acts of uncleanness, either in ourselves or others. (2 Kings 9:30, Jeremiah 4:30, Ezekiel 23:40)

Question 140

Which is the eighth commandment?

The eighth commandment is, Thou shalt not steal. (Exodus 20:15)

Question 141

What are the duties required in the eighth commandment?

The duties required in the eighth commandment are, truth, faithfulness, and justice in contracts and commerce between man and man; (Psalm 15:2,4, Zechariah 7:4,10, Zechariah 8:16-17) restitution of goods unlawfully detained from the right owners thereof; (Leviticus 6:2-5, Luke 19:8) giving and lending freely, according to our abilities, and the necessities of others; (Luke 6:30,38, 1 John 3:17, Ephesians 4:28, Galatians 6:10) moderation of our judgments, wills, and affections concerning worldly goods; (1 Timothy 6:6-9, Galatians 6:14) a provident care and study to get, (1 Timothy 5:8) keep, use, and dispose these things which are necessary and convenient for the sustentation of our nature, and suitable to our condition; (Proverbs 27:23-27, Ecclesiastes 2:24, Ecclesiastes 3:12-13, 1 Timothy 6:17-18, Isaiah 38:1, Matthew 11:8) a lawful calling, (1 Corinthians 7:20, Genesis 2:15, Genesis 3:19) and diligence in it; (Ephesians 4:28, Proverbs 10:4) frugality; (John 6:12, Proverbs 21:20) avoiding unnecessary law-suits, (1 Corinthians 6:1-9) and suretiship, or other like engagements; (Proverbs 6:1-6, Proverbs 11:15) and an endeavor, by all just and lawful means, to procure, preserve, and further the wealth and outward estate of others, as well as our own. (Leviticus 25:35, Deuteronomy 22:1-4, Exodus 23:4-5, Genesis 47:14,20, Philippians 2:4, Matthew 22:39)

Question 142

What are the sins forbidden in the eighth commandment?

The sins forbidden in the eighth commandment, besides the neglect of the duties required, (James 2:15-16, 1 John 3:17) are, theft, (Ephesians 4:28) robbery, (Psalm 62:10) man-stealing, (1 Timothy 1:10) and receiving any thing that is stolen; (Proverbs 29:24, Psalm 50:18) fraudulent dealing, (1 Thessalonians 4:6) false weights and measures, (Proverbs 11:1, Proverbs 20:10) removing landmarks, (Deuteronomy 19:14, Proverbs 23:10) injustice and unfaithfulness in contracts between man and man, (Amos 8:5, Psalm 37:21) or in matters of trust; (Luke 16:10-12) oppression, (Ezekiel 22:29, Leviticus 25:17) extortion, (Matthew 23:25, Ezekiel 22:12) usury, (Psalm 15:5) bribery, (Job 15:34) vexatious law-suits, (1 Corinthians 6:6-8, Proverbs 3:29-30) unjust inclosures and depopulations; (Isaiah 5:8, Micah 2:2) ingrossing commodities to enhance the price; (Proverbs 11:26) unlawful callings, (Acts 19:19,24-25) and all other unjust or sinful ways of taking or withholding from our neighbour what belongs to him, or of enriching ourselves; (Job 20:19, James 5:4, Proverbs 21:6) covetousness; (Luke 12:15) inordinate prizing and affecting worldly goods; (1 Timothy 6:5, Colossians 3:2, Proverbs 23:5, Psalm 62:10) distrustful and distracting cares and studies in getting, keeping, and using them; (Matthew 6:25,31,34, Ecclesiastes 5:12) envying at the prosperity of others; (Psalm 73:3, Psalm 37:1,7) as likewise idleness, (2 Thessalonians 3:11, Proverbs 18:9) prodigality, wasteful gaming; and all other ways whereby we do unduly prejudice our own outward estate, (Proverbs 21:17, Proverbs 23:20-21, Proverbs 28:19) and defrauding ourselves of the due use and comfort of that estate which God hath given us. (Ecclesiastes 4:8, Ecclesiastes 6:2, 1 Timothy 5:8)

Question 143

Which is the ninth commandment?

The ninth commandment is, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. (Exodus 20:16)

Question 144

What are the duties required in the ninth commandment?

The duties required in the ninth commandment are, the preserving and promoting of truth between man and man, (Zechariah 8:16) and the good name of our neighbour, as well as our own; (3 John 12) appearing and standing for the truth; (Proverbs 31:8-9) and from the heart, (Psalm 15:2) sincerely, (2 Chronicles 19:9) freely, (1 Samuel 19:4-5) clearly, (Joshua 7:19) and fully, (2 Samuel 14:18-20) speaking the truth, and only the truth, in matters of judgment and justice, (Leviticus 19:15, Proverbs 14:5,25) and in all other things whatsoever; (2 Corinthians 1:17-18, Ephesians 4:25) a charitable esteem of our neighbours; (Hebrews 6:9, 1 Corinthians 13:7) loving, desiring, and rejoicing in their good name; (Rom 1:8, 2 John 4, 3 John 3-4) sorrowing for, (2 Corinthians 2:4, 2 Corinthians 12:21) and covering of their infirmities; (Proverbs 17:9, 1 Peter 4:8) freely acknowledging of their gifts and graces, (1 Corinthians 1:4-5,7, 2 Timothy 1:4-5) defending their innocency; (1 Samuel 22:14) a ready receiving of a good report, (1 Corinthians 13:6-7) and unwillingness to admit of an evil report, (Psalm 15:3) concerning them; discouraging tale-bearers, (Proverbs 25:23) flatterers, (Proverbs 26:24-25) and slanderers; (Psalm 101:5) love and care of our own good name, and defending it when need requireth; (Proverbs 22:1, John 8:49) keeping of lawful promises; (Psalm 15:4) studying and practicing of whatsoever things are true, honest, lovely, and of good report. (Philippians 4:8)

Question 145

What are the sins forbidden in the ninth commandment?

The sins forbidden in the ninth commandment are, all prejudicing the truth, and the good name of our neighbours, as well as our own, (1 Samuel 17:28, 2 Samuel 16:3, 2 Samuel 1:9,10,15-16) especially in public judicature; (Leviticus 19:15, Habakkuk 1:4) giving false evidence, (Proverbs 19:5, Proverbs 6:16,19) suborning false witnesses, (Acts 6:13) wittingly appearing and pleading for an evil cause, out-facing and overbearing the truth; (Jeremiah 9:3,5, Acts 24:2,5, Psalm 12:3-4, Psalm 52:1-4) passing unjust sentence, (Proverbs 17:15, 1 Kings 21:9-14,10-11,13) calling evil good, and good evil; rewarding the wicked according to the work of the righteous, and the righteous according to the work of the wicked; (Isaiah 5:23) forgery, (Psalm 119:69, Luke 19:8, Luke 16:5-7) concealing the truth, undue silence in a just cause, (Leviticus 5:1, Deuteronomy 13:8, Acts 5:3,8-9, 2 Timothy 4:16) and holding our peace when iniquity calleth for either a reproof from ourselves, (1 Kings 1:6, Leviticus 19:17) or complaint to others; (Isaiah 59:4) speaking the truth unseasonably, (Proverbs 29:11) or maliciously to a wrong end, (1 Samuel 22:9-10, Psalm 52:1-5) or perverting it to a wrong meaning, (Psalm 56:5, John 2:19, Matthew 26:60-61) or in doubtful or equivocal expressions, to the prejudice of truth or justice; (Genesis 3:5, Genesis 26:7,9) speaking untruth, (Isaiah 59:13) lying, (Leviticus 19:11, Colossians 3:9) slandering, (Psalm 50:20) backbiting, (James 4:11, Jeremiah 38:4) talebearing, (Leviticus 19:16) whispering, (Romans 1:29-30) scoffing, (Genesis 21:9, Galatians 4:29) reviling, (1 Corinthians 6:10) rash, (Matthew 7:1) harsh, (Acts 28:4) and partial censuring; (Genesis 38:24, Romans 2:1) misconstructing intentions, words, and actions; (Nehemiah 6:6-8, Romans 3:8, Psalm 69:10, 1 Samuel 1:13-15, 2 Samuel 10:3) flattering, (Psalm 12:2-3) vain-glorious boasting; (2 Timothy 3:2) thinking or speaking too highly or too meanly of ourselves or others; (Luke 18:9,11, Romans 12:16, 1 Corinthians 4:6, Acts 12:22, Exodus 4:10-14) denying the gifts and graces of God; (Job 27:5,6, Job 4:6) aggravating smaller faults; (Matthew 7:3-5) hiding, excusing, or extenuating of sins, when called to a free confession; (Proverbs 28:13, Proverbs 30:20, Genesis 3:12-13, Jeremiah 2:35, 2 Kings 5:25, Genesis 4:9) unnecessary discovering of infirmities; (Genesis 9:22, Proverbs 25:9-10) raising false rumors, (Exodus 23:1) receiving and countenancing evil reports, (Proverbs 29:12) and stopping our ears against just defense; (Acts 7:56-57, Job 31:13-14) evil suspicion; (1 Corinthians 13:5, 1 Timothy 6:4) envying or grieving at the deserved credit of any, (Numbers 11:29, Matthew 21:15) endeavoring or desiring to impair it, (Ezra 4:12-13) rejoicing in their disgrace and infamy; (Jeremiah 48:27) scornful contempt, (Psalm 35:15-16,21, Matthew 27:28-29) fond admiration; (Jude 16, Acts 12:22) breach of lawful promises; (Romans 1:31, 2 Timothy 3:3) neglecting such things as are of good report, (1 Samuel 2:24) and practicing, or not avoiding ourselves, or not hindering what we can in others, such things as procure an ill name. (2 Samuel 13:12-13)

Question 146

Which is the tenth commandment?

The tenth commandment is, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’ s house, thou shall not covet they neighbour’ s wife, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour’ s. (2 Samuel 13:12-13, Proverbs 5:8-9, Proverbs 6:33)

Question 147

What are the duties required in the tenth commandment?

The duties required in the tenth commandment are, such a full contentment with our own condition, (Hebrews 13:5, 1 Timothy 6:6) and such a charitable frame of the whole soul toward our neighbour, as that all our inward motions and affections touching him, tend unto, and further all that good which is his. (Job 31:29, Romans 12:15, Psalm 122:7-9, 1 Timothy 1:5, Esther 10:3, 1 Corinthians 13:4-7)

Question 148

What are the sins forbidden in the tenth commandment?

The sins forbidden in the tenth commandment are, discontentment with our own estate; (1 Kings 21:4, Esther 5:13, 1 Corinthians 10:10) envying (Galatians 5:26, James 3:14,16) and grieving at the good of our neighbour, (Psalm 112:9-10, Nehemiah 2:10) together with all inordinate motions and affections to any thing that is his. (Romans 7:7-8, Romans 13:9, Colossians 3:5, Deuteronomy 5:21)

Question 149

Is any man able perfectly to keep the commandments of God?

No man is able, either of himself, (James 3:2, John 15:5, Romans 8:3) or by any grace received in this life, perfectly to keep the commandments of God; (Ecclesiastes 7:20, 1 John 1:8,10, Galatians 5:17, Romans 7:18-19) but doth daily break them in thought, (Genesis 6:5, Genesis 8:21) word, and deed. (Romans 3:9-19, James 3:2-13)

Question 150

Are all transgressions of the law of God equally heinous in themselves, and in the sight of God?

All transgressions of the law of God are not equally heinous; but some sins in themselves, and by reason of several aggravations, are more heinous in the sight of God than others. (John 19:11, Ezekiel 8:6,13,15, 1 John 5:16, Psalm 78:17,32,56)

Question 151

What are those aggravations that make some sins more heinous than others?

Sins receive their aggravations,

1. From the persons offending (Jeremiah 2:8) they be of riper age, (Job 32:7,9, Ecclesiastes 4:13) greater experience of grace, (1 Kings 11:4,9) eminent for profession, (2 Samuel 12:14, 1 Corinthians 5:1) gifts, (James 4:17, Luke 12:47-48) place, (Jeremiah 5:4-5) office, (2 Samuel 12:7-9, Ezekiel 8:11-12) guide to others, (Romans 2:17-24) and whose example is likely to be followed by others. (Galatians 2:11-14),

2. From the parties offended: (Matthew 21:38-39) if immediately against God, (1 Samuel 2:25, Acts 5:4, Psalm 51:4) his attributes, (Romans 2:4) and worship; (Malachi 1:8,14) against Christ, and his grace; (Hebrews 2:2-3, Hebrews 12:25) the Holy Spirit, (Hebrews 10:29, Matthew 12:31-32) his witness, (Ephesians 4:30) and workings (Hebrews 6:4-6) against superiors, men of eminency, (Jude 8, Numbers 12:8,9, Isaiah 3:5) and such as we stand especially related and engaged unto; (Proverbs 30:17, 2 Corinthians 12:15, Psalm 55:12-15) against any of the saints, (Zephaniah 2:8,10-11, Matthew 18:6, 1 Corinthians 6:8, Revelation 17:6) particularly weak brethren, (1 Corinthians 8:11-12, Romans 14:13,15,21) the souls of them, or any other, (Ezekiel 13:19, 1 Corinthians 8:12, Revelation 18:12-13, Matthew 23:15) and the common good of all or many. (1 Thessalonians 2:15-16, Joshua 22:20),

3. From the nature and quality of the offense: (Proverbs 6:30-33) if it be against the express letter of the law, (Ezra 9:10-12, 1 Kings 11:9-10) break many commandments, contain in it many sins: (Colossians 3:5, 1 Timothy 6:10, Proverbs 5:8-12, Proverbs 6:32-33, Joshua 7:21) if not only conceived in the heart, but breaks forth in words and actions, (James 1:14-15, Matthew 5:22, Micah 2:1) scandalize others, (Matthew 18:7, Romans 2:23-24) and admit of no reparation: (Deuteronomy 22:22,28-29, Proverbs 6:32-35) if against means, (Matthew 11:21-24, John 15:22) mercies, (Isaiah 1:3, Deuteronomy 32:6) judgments, (Amos 4:8-11, Jeremiah 5:3) light of nature, (Romans 1:26-27) conviction of conscience, (Romans 1:32, Daniel 5:22, Titus 3:10-11) public or private admonition, (Proverbs 29:1) censures of the church, (Titus 3:10, Matthew 18:17) civil punishments; (Proverbs 27:22, Proverbs 23:35) and our prayers, purposes, promises, (Psalm 78:34-37, Jeremiah 2:20, Jeremiah 42:5-6,20-21) vows, (Ecclesiastes 5:4-6, Proverbs 20:25) covenants, (Leviticus 26:25) and engagements to God of men: (Proverbs 2:17, Ezekiel 17:18-19) if done deliberately, (Psalm 36:4) wilfully, (Jeremiah 6:16) presumptuously, (Numbers 15:30, Exodus 21:14) impudently, (Jeremiah 3:3, Proverbs 7:13) boastingly, (Psalm 52:1) maliciously, (3 John 10) frequently, (Numbers 14:22) obstinately, (Zechariah 7:11-12) with delight, (Proverbs 2:14) continuance, (Isaiah 57:17) or relapsing after repentance. (Jeremiah 34:8-11, 2 Peter 2:20-22)

4. From circumstances of time (2 Kings 5:26) and place: (Jeremiah 7:10, Isaiah 26:10) if on the Lord’ s day, (Ezekiel 23:37-39) or other times of divine worship; (Isaiah 58:3-5, Numbers 25:6-7) or immediately before (1 Corinthians 11:20-21) or after these, (Jeremiah 7:8-10, Proverbs 7:14-15, John 13:27,30) or other helps to prevent or remedy such miscarriages; (Ezra 9:13-14) if in public, or in the presence of others, who are thereby likely to be provoked or defiled. (2 Samuel 16:22, 1 Samuel 2:22-24)

Question 152

What doth every sin deserve at the hands of God?

Every sin, even the least, being against the sovereignty, (James 2:10-11) goodness, (Exodus 20:1-2) and holiness of God, (Habakkuk 1:13, Leviticus 10:3, Leviticus 11:44-45) and against his righteous law, (1 John 3:4, Romans 7:12) deserveth his wrath and curse, (Ephesians 5:6, Galatians 3:10) both in this life, (Lamentations 3:39, Deuteronomy 28:15-20) and that which is to come; (Matthew 25:41) and cannot be expiated but by the blood of Christ. (Hebrews 9:22, 1 Peter 1:18-19)

Question 153

What doth God require of us, that we may escape his wrath and curse due to us by reason of the transgression of the law?

That we may escape the wrath and curse of God due to us by reason of the transgression of the law, he requireth of us repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ, (Acts 20:21, Matthew 3:7-8, Luke 13:3,5, Acts 16:30-31, John 3:16,18) and the diligent use of the outward means whereby Christ communicates to us the benefits of his mediation. (Proverbs 2:1-5, Proverbs 8:33-36)

Question 154

What are the outward means whereby Christ communicates to us the benefits of his mediation?

The outward and ordinary means whereby Christ communicates to his church the benefits of his mediation, are all his ordinances; especially the word, sacraments, and prayer; all which are made effectual to the elect for their salvation. (Matthew 28:19-20, Acts 2:42,46-47)

Question 155

How is the word made effectual to salvation?

The Spirit of God maketh the reading, but especially the preaching of the word, an effectual means of enlightening, (Nehemiah 8:8, Acts 26:18, Psalm 19:8) convincing, and humbling sinners; (1 Corinthians 14:24-25, 2 Chronicles 34:18,19,26-28) of driving them out of themselves, and drawing them unto Christ; (Acts 2:37,41, Acts 8:27-30,35-38) of conforming them to his image, (2 Corinthians 3:18) and subduing them to his will; (2 Corinthians 10:4-6, Romans 6:17) of strengthening them against temptations and corruptions; (Matthew 4:4,7,10, Ephesians 6:16-17, Psalm 19:11, 1 Corinthians 10:11) of building them up in grace, (Acts 20:32, 2 Timothy 3:15-17) and establishing their hearts in holiness and comfort through faith unto salvation. (Romans 16:25, 1 Thessalonians 3:2,10-11,13, Romans 15:4, Romans 10:13-17, Romans 1:16)

Question 156

Is the word of God to be read by all?

Although all are not to be permitted to read the word publicly to the congregation, (Deuteronomy 31:9,11-13, Nehemiah 8:2-3, Nehemiah 9:3-5) yet all sorts of people are bound to read it apart by themselves, (Deuteronomy 17:19, Revelation 1:3, John 5:39, Isaiah 34:16) and with their families: (Deuteronomy 6:6-9, Genesis 18:17,19, Psalm 78:5-7) to which end, the holy scriptures are to be translated out of the original into vulgar languages. (1 Corinthians 14:6,9,11-12,15-16,24,27-28)

Question 157

How is the word of God to be read?

The holy scriptures are to be read with an high and reverent esteem of them; (Psalm 19:10, Nehemiah 8:3-6,10, Exodus 24:7, 2 Chronicles 34:27, Isaiah 66:2) with a firm persuasion that they are the very word of God, (2 Peter 1:19-21) and that he only can enable us to understand them; (Luke 24:45, 2 Corinthians 3:13-16) with desire to know, believe, and obey the will of God revealed in them; (Deuteronomy 17:19-20) with diligence, (Acts 17:11) and attention to the matter and scope of them; (Acts 8:30,34, Luke 10:26-28) with meditation, (Psalm 1:2, Psalm 119:97) application, (2 Chronicles 34:21) self-denial, (Proverbs 3:5, Deuteronomy 33:3) and prayer. (Proverbs 2:1-6, Psalm 119:18, Nehemiah 8:6,8)

Question 158

By whom is the word of God to be preached?

The word of God is to be preached only by such as are sufficiently gifted, (1 Timothy 3:2,6, Ephesians 4:8-11, Hosea 4:6, Malachi 2:7, 2 Corinthians 3:6) and also duly approved and called to that office. (Jeremiah 14:15, Romans 10:15, Hebrews 5:4, 1 Corinthians 12:28-29, 1 Timothy 3:10, 1 Timothy 4:14, 1 Timothy 5:22)

Question 159

How is the word of God to be preached by those that are called thereunto?

They that are called to labour in the ministry of the word, are to preach sound doctrine, (Titus 2:1,8) diligently, (Acts 18:25) in season and out of season; (2 Timothy 4:2) plainly, (1 Corinthians 14:19) not in the enticing words of man’ s wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit, and of power; (1 Corinthians 2:4) faithfully, (Jeremiah 23:28, 1 Corinthians 4:1-2) making known the whole counsel of God; (Acts 20:27) wisely, (Colossians 1:28, 2 Timothy 2:15) applying themselves to the necessities and capacities of the hearers; (1 Corinthians 3:2, Hebrews 5:12-14, Luke 12:42) zealously, (Acts 18:25) and fervent love to God (2 Corinthians 5:13-14, Philippians 1:15-17) and the souls of his people; (Colossians 4:12, 2 Corinthians 12:15) sincerely, (2 Corinthians 2:17, 2 Corinthians 4:2) aiming at his glory, (1 Thessalonians 2:4-6, John 7:18) and their conversion, (1 Corinthians 9:19-22) edification, (2 Corinthians 12:19, Ephesians 4:12) and salvation. (1 Timothy 4:16, Acts 26:16-18)

Question 160

What is required of those that hear the word preached?

It is required of those that hear the word preached, that they attend upon it with diligence, (Proverbs 8:34) preparation, (1 Peter 2:1-2, Luke 8:18) and prayer; (Psalm 119:18, Ephesians 6:18-19) examine what they hear by the scriptures; (Acts 17:11) receive the truth with faith, (Hebrews 4:2) love, (2 Thessalonians 2:10) meekness, (James 1:21) and readiness of mind, (Acts 17:11) as the word of God; (1 Thessalonians 2:13) meditate, (Luke 9:44, Hebrews 2:1) and confer of it; (Luke 24:14, Deuteronomy 6:6-7) hide it in their hearts, (Proverbs 2:1, Psalm 119:11) and bring forth the fruit of it in their lives. (Luke 8:15, James 1:25)

Question 161

How do the sacraments become effectual means of salvation?

The sacraments become effectual means of salvation, not by any power in themselves, or any virtue derived from the piety or intention of him by whom they are administered, but only by the working of the Holy Ghost, and the blessing of Christ, by whom they are instituted. (1 Peter 3:21, Acts 8:13,23, 1 Corinthians 3:6-7, 1 Corinthians 12:13)

Question 162

What is a sacrament?

A sacrament is an holy ordinance instituted by Christ in his church, (Genesis 17:7,10, Exodus 12 (containing the institution of the passover), Matthew 28:19, Matthew 26:26-28) to signify, seal, and exhibit (Romans 4:11, 1 Corinthians 11:24-25) unto those that are within the covenant of grace, (Romans 15:8, Exodus 12:48) the benefits of his mediation; (Acts 2:38, 1 Corinthians 10:16) to strengthen and increase their faith, and all other graces; (Romans 4:11, Galatians 3:27) to oblige them to obedience; (Romans 6:3-4, 1 Corinthians 10:21) to testify and cherish their love and communion one with another; (Ephesians 4:2-5, 1 Corinthians 12:13) and to distinguish them from those that are without. (Ephesians 2:11-12, Genesis 34:14)

Question 163

What are the parts of the sacrament?

The parts of the sacrament are two; the one an outward and sensible sign, used according to Christ’ s own appointment; the other an inward and spiritual grace thereby signified. (Matthew 3:11, 1 Peter 3:21, Romans 2:28-29)

Question 164

How many sacraments hath Christ instituted in his church under the New Testament?

Under the New Testament Christ hath instituted in his church only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord’ s supper. (Matthew 28:19, 1 Corinthians 11:20,23, Matthew 26:26,27,28)

Question 165

What is Baptism?

Baptism is a sacrament of the New Testament, wherein Christ hath ordained the washing with water in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, (Matthew 28:19) to be a sign and seal of ingrafting into himself, (Galatians 3:27) of remission of sins by his blood, (Mark 1:4, Revelation 1:5) and regeneration by his Spirit; (Titus 3:5, Ephesians 5:26) of adoption, (Galatians 3:26-27) and resurrection unto everlasting life; (1 Corinthians 15:29, Romans 6:5) and whereby the parties baptized are solemnly admitted into the visible church, (1 Corinthians 12:13) and enter into an open and professed engagement to be wholly and only the Lord’ s. (Romans 6:4)

Question 166

Unto whom is baptism to be administered?

Baptism is not to be administered to any that are out of the visible church, and so strangers from the covenant of promise, till they profess their faith in Christ, and obedience to him, (Acts 8:36-37, Acts 2:38) but infants descending from parents, either both, or but one of them, professing faith in Christ, and obedience to him, are in that respect within the covenant, and to be baptized. (Genesis 17:7,9, Galatians 3:9, Colossians 2:11-12, Acts 2:38-39, Romans 4:11-12, 1 Corinthians 7:14, Matthew 28:19, Luke 18:15-16, Romans 11:16)

Question 167

How is our baptism to be improved by us?

The needful but much neglected duty of improving our baptism, is to be performed by us all our life long, especially in the time of temptation, and when we are present at the administration of it to others; (Colossians 2:11-12, Romans 6:4,6,11) by serious and thankful consideration of the nature of it, and of the ends for which Christ instituted it, the privileges and benefits conferred and sealed thereby, and our solemn vow made therein; (Romans 6:3-5) by being humbled for our sinful defilement, our falling short of, and walking contrary to, the grace of baptism, and our engagements; (1 Corinthians 1:11-13, Romans 6:2-3) by growing up to assurance of pardon of sin, and of all other blessings sealed to us in that sacrament; (Romans 4:11-12, 1 Peter 3:21) by drawing strength from the death and resurrection of Christ, into whom we are baptized, for the mortifying of sin, and quickening of grace; (Romans 6:3,4,5) and by endeavoring to live by faith, (Galatians 3:26-27) to have our conversation in holiness and righteousness, (Romans 6:22) as those that have therein given up their names to Christ; (Acts 2:38) and to walk in brotherly love, as being baptized by the same Spirit into one body. (1 Corinthians 12:13,25)

Question 168

What is the Lord’ s supper?

The Lord’ s supper is a sacrament of the New Testament, (Luke 22:20) wherein, by giving and receiving bread and wine according to the appointment of Jesus Christ, his death is shewed forth; and they that worthily communicate feed upon his body and blood, to their spiritual nourishment and growth in grace; (Matthew 26:26-28, 1 Corinthians 11:23-26) have their union and communion with him confirmed; (1 Corinthians 10:16) testify and renew their thankfulness, (1 Corinthians 11:24) and engagement to God, (1 Corinthians 10:14-16,21) and their mutual love and fellowship each with the other, as members of the same mystical body. (1 Corinthians 10:17)

Question 169

How hath Christ appointed bread and wine to be given and received in the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper?

Christ hath appointed the ministers of his word, in the administration of this sacrament of the Lord’ s supper, to set apart the bread and wine from common use, by the word of institution, thanksgiving, and prayer; to take and break the bread, and to give both the bread and the wine to the communicants: who are, by the same appointment, to take and eat the bread, and to drink the wine, in thankful remembrance that the body of Christ was broken and given, and his blood shed, for them. (1 Corinthians 11:23-24, Matthew 26:26-28, Mark 14:22-24, Luke 22:19-20)

Question 170

How do they that worthily communicate in the Lord’ s supper feed upon the body and blood of Christ therein?

As the body and blood of Christ are not corporally or carnally present in, with, or under the bread and wine in the Lord’ s supper, (Acts 3:21) and yet are spiritually present to the faith of the receiver, no less truly and really than the elements themselves are to their outward senses; (Matthew 26:26,28) so they that worthily communicate in the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper, do therein feed upon the body and blood of Christ, not after a corporal and carnal, but in a spiritual manner; yet truly and really, (1 Corinthians 11:24-29) while by faith they receive and apply unto themselves Christ crucified, and all the benefits of his death. (1 Corinthians 10:16)

Question 171

How are they that receive the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper to prepare themselves before they come unto it?

They that receive the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper are, before they come, to prepare themselves thereunto, by examining themselves (1 Corinthians 11:28) of their being in Christ, (2 Corinthians 13:5) of their sins and wants; (1 Corinthians 5:7, Exodus 12:15) of the truth and measure of their knowledge, (1 Corinthians 11:29) faith, (1 Corinthians 13:5, Matthew 26:28) repentance; (Zechariah 12:10, 1 Corinthians 11:31) love to God and the brethren, (1 Corinthians 10:16-17, Acts 2:46-47) charity to all men, (1 Corinthians 5:8, 1 Corinthians 11:18,20) forgiving those that have done them wrong; (Matthew 5:23-24) of their desires after Christ, (Isaiah 55:1, John 7:37) and of their new obedience; (1 Corinthians 5:7-8) and by renewing the exercise of these graces, (1 Corinthians 11:25-26,28, Hebrews 10:21-22,24, Psalm 26:6) by serious meditation, (1 Corinthians 11:24-25) and fervent prayer. (2 Chronicles 30:18-19, Matthew 26:26)

Question 172

May one who doubteth of his being in Christ, or of his due preparation, come to the Lord’ s supper?

One who doubteth of his being in Christ, or of his due preparation to the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper, may have true interest in Christ, though he be not yet assured thereof; (Isaiah 50:10, 1 John 5:13, Psalm 88, Psalm 77:1-4,7-10, Jonah 2:4) and in God’ s account hath it, if he be duly affected with the apprehension of the want of it, (Isaiah 54:7-10, Matthew 5:3-4, Psalm 31:22, Psalm 73:13,22-23) and unfeignedly desires to be found in Christ, (Philippians 3:8-9, Psalm 10:17, Psalm 42:1-2,5) and to depart from iniquity: (2 Timothy 2:19, Isaiah 50:10, Psalm 66:18-20) in which case (because promises are made, and this sacrament is appointed, for the relief even of weak and doubting Christians (Isaiah 40:11,29,31, Matthew 11:28, Matthew 12:20, Matthew 26:28)) he is to bewail his unbelief, (Mark 9:24) and labor to have his doubts resolved; (Acts 2:37, Acts 16:30) and, so doing, he may and ought to come to the Lord’ s supper, that he may be further strengthened. (Romans 4:11, 1 Corinthians 11:28)

Question 173

May any who profess the faith, and desire to come to the Lord’ s supper, be kept from it?

Such as are found to be ignorant or scandalous, notwithstanding their profession of the faith, and desire to come to the Lord’ s supper, may and ought to be kept from that sacrament, by the power which Christ hath left in his church, (1 Corinthians 11:27-31, Matthew 7:6, 1 Corinthians 5, Jude 23, 1 Timothy 5:22) until they receive instruction, and manifest their reformation. (2 Corinthians 2:7)

Question 174

What is required of them that receive the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper in the time of the administration of it?

It is required of them that receive the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper, that, during the time of the administration of it, with all holy reverence and attention they wait upon God in that ordinance, (Leviticus 10:3, Hebrews 12:28, Psalm 5:7, 1 Corinthians 11:17,26-27) diligently observe the sacramental elements and actions, (Exodus 24:8, Matthew 26:28) heedfully discern the Lord’ s body, (1 Corinthians 11:29) and affectionately meditate on his death and sufferings, (Luke 22:19) and thereby stir up themselves to a vigorous exercise of their graces; (1 Corinthians 11:26, 1 Corinthians 10:3-5,11,14) in judging themselves, (1 Corinthians 11:31) and sorrowing for sin; (Zechariah 12:10) in earnest hungering and thirsting after Christ, (Revelation 22:17) feeding on him by faith, (John 6:35) receiving of his fullness, (John 1:16) trusting in his merits, (Philippians 3:9) rejoicing in his love, (Psalm 53:4-5, 2 Chronicles 30:21) giving thanks for his grace; (Psalm 22:26) in renewing of their covenant with God, (Jeremiah 50:5, Psalm 50:5) and love to all the saints. (Acts 2:42)

Question 175

What is the duty of Christians, after they have received the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper?

The duty of Christians, after they have received the sacrament of the Lord’ s supper, is seriously to consider how they have behaved themselves therein, and with what success; (Psalm 28:7, Psalm 85:8, 1 Corinthians 11:17,30-31) if they find quickening and comfort, to bless God for it, (2 Chronicles 30:21-23,25-26, Acts 2:42,46-47) beg the continuance of it, (Psalm 36:10, Cant. 3:4, 1 Chronicles 29:18) watch against relapses, (1 Corinthians 10:3-5,12) fulfill their vows, (Psalm 50:14) and encourage themselves to a frequent attendance on that ordinance: (1 Corinthians 11:25-26, Acts 2:42,46) but if they find no present benefit, more exactly to review their preparation to, and carriage at, the sacrament; (Song of Solomon 5:1-6, Ecclesiastes 5:1-6) in both which, if they can approve themselves to God and their own consciences, they are to wait for the fruit of it in due time: (Psalm 123:1-2, Psalm 42:5,8, Psalm 43:3-5) but, if they see they have failed in either, they are to be humbled, (2 Chronicles 30:18-19) and to attend upon it afterwards with more care and diligence. (2 Corinthians 7:11, 1 Chronicles 15:12-14)

Question 176

Wherein do the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’ s supper agree?

The sacraments of baptism and the Lord’ s supper agree, in that the author of both is God; (Matthew 28:19, 1 Corinthians 11:23) the spiritual part of both is Christ and his benefits; (Romans 6:3-4, 1 Corinthians 10:16) both are seals of the same covenant, (Romans 4:11, Colossians 2:12, Matthew 26:27-28) are to be dispensed by ministers of the gospel, and by none other; (John 1:33, Matthew 28:19, 1 Corinthians 11:23, 1 Corinthians 4:1, Hebrews 5:4) and to be continued in the church of Christ until his second coming. (Matthew 28:19-20, 1 Corinthians 11:26)

Question 177

Wherein do the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’ s supper differ?

The sacraments of baptism and the Lord’ s supper differ, in that baptism is to be administered but once, with water, to be a sign and seal of our regeneration and ingrafting into Christ, (Matthew 3:11, Titus 3:5, Galatians 3:27) and that even to infants; (Genesis 17:7,9, Acts 2:38-39, 1 Corinthians 7:14) whereas the Lord’ s supper is to be administered often, in the elements of bread and wine, to represent and exhibit Christ as spiritual nourishment to the soul, (1 Corinthians 11:23-26) and to confirm our continuance and growth in him, (1 Corinthians 10:16) and that only to such as are of years and ability to examine themselves. (1 Corinthians 11:28-29)

Question 178

What is prayer?

Prayer is an offering up of our desires unto God, (Psalm 62:8) in the name of Christ, (John 16:23) by the help of his Spirit; (Romans 8:26) with confession of our sins, (Psalm 32:5-6, Daniel 9:4) and thankful acknowledgment of his mercies. (Philippians 4:6)

Question 179

Are we to pray unto God only?

God only being able to search the hearts, (1 Kings 8:39, Acts 1:24, Romans 8:27) hear the requests, (Psalm 65:2) pardon the sins, (Micah 7:18) and fulfill the desires of all; (Psalm 145:18) and only to be believed in, (Romans 10:14) and worshipped with religious worship; (Matthew 4:10) prayer, which is a special part thereof, (1 Corinthians 1:2) is to be made by all to him alone, (Psalm 50:15) and to none other. (Romans 10:14)

Question 180

What is it to pray in the name of Christ?

To pray in the name of Christ is, in obedience to his command, and in confidence on his promises, to ask mercy for his sake; (John 14:13-14, John 16:24, Daniel 9:17) not by bare mentioning of his name, (Matthew 7:21) but by drawing our encouragement to pray, and our boldness, strength, and hope of acceptance in prayer, from Christ and his mediation. (Hebrews 4:14-16, 1 John 5:13-15)

Question 181

Why are we to pray in the name of Christ?

The sinfulness of man, and his distance from God by reason thereof, being so great, as that we can have no access into his presence without a mediator; (John 14:6, Isaiah 59:2, Ephesians 3:12) and there being none in heaven or earth appointed to, or fit for, that glorious work but Christ alone, (John 6:27, Hebrews 7:25-27, 1 Timothy 2:5) we are to pray in no other name but his only. (Colossians 3:17, Hebrews 13:15)

Question 182

How doth the Spirit help us to pray?

We not knowing what to pray for as we ought, the Spirit helpeth our infirmities, by enabling us to understand both for whom, and what, and how prayer is to be made; and by working and quickening in our hearts (although not in all persons, nor at all times, in the same measure) those apprehensions, affections, and graces which are requisite for the right performance of that duty. (Romans 8:26-27, Psalm 10:17, Zechariah 12:10)

Question 183

For whom are we to pray?

We are to pray for the whole church of Christ upon earth; (Ephesians 6:18, Psalm 28:9) for magistrates, (1 Timothy 2:1-2) and ministers; (Colossians 4:3) for ourselves, (Genesis 32:11) our brethren, (James 5:16) yea, our enemies; (Matthew 5:44) and for all sorts of men living, (1 Timothy 2:1-2) or that shall live hereafter; (John 17:20, 2 Samuel 7:29) but not for the dead, (2 Samuel 12:21-23) nor for those that are known to have sinned the sin unto death. (1 John 5:16)

Question 184

For what things are we to pray?

We are to pray for all things tending to the glory of God, (Matthew 6:9) the welfare of the church, (Psalm 51:18, Psalm 122:6) our own (Matthew 7:11) or others, good; (Psalm 125:4) but not for any thing that is unlawful. (1 John 5:14)

Question 185

How are we to pray?

We are to pray with an awful apprehension of the majesty of God, (Ecclesiastes 5:1) and deep sense of our own unworthiness, (Genesis 18:27, Genesis 32:10) necessities, (Luke 15:17-19) and sins; (Luke 18:13-14) with penitent, (Psalm 51:17) thankful, (Philippians 4:6) and enlarged hearts; (1 Samuel 1:15, 1 Samuel 2:1) with understanding, (1 Corinthians 14:15) faith, (Mark 11:24, James 1:6) sincerity, (Psalm 145:18, Psalm 17:1) fervency, (James 5:16) love, (1 Timothy 2:8) and perseverance, (Ephesians 6:18) waiting upon him, (Micah 7:7) with humble submission to his will. (Matthew 26:39)

Question 186

What rule hath God given for our direction in the duty of prayer?

The whole word of God is of use to direct us in the duty of prayer; (1 John 5:14) but the special rule of direction is that form of prayer which our Savior Christ taught his disciples, commonly called The Lord’ s prayer. (Matthew 6:9-13, Luke 11:2-4)

Question 187

How is the Lord’ s prayer to be used?

The Lord’ s prayer is not only for direction, as a pattern, according to which we are to make other prayers; but may also be used as a prayer, so that it be done with understanding, faith, reverence, and other graces necessary to the right performance of the duty of prayer. (Matthew 6:9, Luke 11:2)

Question 188

Of how many parts doth the Lord’ s prayer consist?

The Lord’ s prayer consists of three parts; a preface, petitions, and a conclusion.

Question 189

What doth the preface of the Lord’ s prayer teach us?

The preface of the Lord’ s prayer (contained in these words, Our Father which art in heaven, (Matthew 6:9)) teacheth us, when we pray, to draw near to God with confidence of his fatherly goodness, and our interest therein; (Luke 11:13, Romans 8:15) with reverence, and all other child-like dispositions, (Isaiah 64:9) heavenly affections, (Psalm 123:1, Lamentations 3:41) and due apprehensions of his sovereign power, majesty, and gracious condescension: (Isaiah 63:15-16, Nehemiah 1:4-6) as also, to pray with and for others. (Acts 12:5)

Question 190

What do we pray for in the first petition?

In the first petition, (which is, Hallowed by thy name, (Matthew 6:9) ) acknowledging the utter inability and indisposition that is in ourselves and all men to honor God aright, (2 Corinthians 3:5, Psalm 51:15) we pray, that God would by his grace enable and incline us and others to know, to acknowledge, and highly to esteem him, (Psalm 67:2-3) his titles, (Psalm 83:18) attributes, (Psalm 86:10-13,15) ordinances, word, (2 Thessalonians 3:1, Psalm 147:19-20, Psalm 138:1-3, 2 Corinthians 2:14-15) works, and whatsoever he is pleased to make himself known by; (Psalm 145, Psalm 8) and to glorify him in thought, word, (Psalm 103:1, Psalm 19:14) and deed: (Philippians 1:9,11) that he would prevent and remove atheism, (Psalm 67:1-4) ignorance, (Ephesians 1:17-18) idolatry, (Psalm 97:7) profaneness, (Psalm 74:18,22-23) and whatsoever is dishonorable to him; (2 Kings 19:15-16) and, by his over-ruling providence, direct and dispose of all things to his own glory. (2 Chronicles 20:6,10-12, Psalm 83, Psalm 140:4,8)

Question 191

What do we pray for in the second petition?

In the second petition, (which is, Thy kingdom come, (Matthew 6:10) ) acknowledging ourselves and all mankind to be by nature under the dominion of sin and Satan, (Ephesians 2:2-3) we pray, that the kingdom of sin and Satan may be destroyed, (Psalm 68:1,18, Revelation 12:10-11) the gospel propagated throughout the world, (2 Thessalonians 3:1) the Jews called, (Romans 10:1) the fullness of the Gentiles brought in; (John 17:9,20, Romans 11:25-26, Psalm 67) the church furnished with all gospel-officers and ordinances, (Matthew 9:38, 2 Thessalonians 3:1) purged from corruption, (Malachi 1:11, Zephaniah 3:9) countenanced and maintained by the civil magistrate: (1 Timothy 2:1-2) and the ordinances of Christ may be purely dispensed, and made effectual to the converting of those that are yet in their sins, and the confirming, comforting, and building up of those that are already converted: (Acts 4:29-30, Ephesians 6:18-20, Romans 15:29-30,32, 2 Thessalonians 1:11, 2 Thessalonians 2:16-17) that Christ would rule in our hearts here, (Ephesians 3:14-20) and hasten the time of his second coming, and our reigning with him for ever: (Revelation 22:20) and that he would be pleased so to exercise the kingdom of his power in all the world, as may best conduce to these ends. (Isaiah 64:1-2, Revelation 4:8-11)

Question 192

What do we pray for in the third petition?

In the third petition, (which is, Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven, (Matthew 6:10) ) acknowledging, that by nature we and all men are not only utterly unable and unwilling to know and do the will of God, (Romans 7:18, Job 21:14, 1 Corinthians 2:14) but prone to rebel against his word, (Romans 8:7) to repine and murmur against his providence, (Exodus 17:7, Numbers 14:2) and wholly inclined to do the will of the flesh, and of the devil: (Ephesians 2:2) we pray, that God would by his Spirit take away from ourselves and others all blindness, (Ephesians 1:17-18) weakness, (Ephesians 3:16) indisposedness, (Matthew 26:40-41) and perverseness of heart; (Jeremiah 31:18-19) and by his grace make us able and willing to know, do, and submit to his will in all things, (Psalm 119:1,8,35-36, Acts 21:14) with the like humility, (Micah 6:8) cheerfulness, (Psalm 100:2, Job 1:21, 2 Samuel 15:25-26) faithfulness, (Isaiah 38:3) diligence, (Psalm 119:4-5) zeal, (Romans 12:11) sincerity, (Psalm 119:80) and constancy, (Psalm 119:112) as the angels do in heaven. (Isaiah 6:2-3, Matthew 18:10)

Question 193

What do we pray for in the fourth petition?

In the fourth petition, (which is, Give us this day our daily bread, (Matthew 6:11)) acknowledging, that in Adam, and by our own sin, we have forfeited our right to all the outward blessings of this life, and deserve to be wholly deprived of them by God, and to have them cursed to us in the use of them; (Genesis 2:17, Genesis 3:17, Romans 8:20-22, Jeremiah 5:25, Deuteronomy 28:15-17) and that neither they of themselves are able to sustain us, (Deuteronomy 8:3) nor we to merit, (Genesis 32:10) or by our own industry to procure them; (Deuteronomy 8:17-18) but prone to desire, (Jeremiah 6:13, Mark 7:21-22) get, (Hosea 12:7) and use them unlawfully: (James 4:3) we pray for ourselves and others, that both they and we, waiting upon the providence of God from day to day in the use of lawful means, may, of his free gift, and as to his fatherly wisdom shall seem best, enjoy a competent portion of them; (Genesis 43:12-14, Genesis 28:20, Ephesians 4:28, 2 Thessalonians 3:11-12, Philippians 4:6) and have the same continued and blessed unto us in our holy and comfortable use of them, (1 Timothy 4:3-5) and contentment in them; (1 Timothy 6:6-8) and be kept from all things that are contrary to our temporal support and comfort. (Proverbs 30:8-9)

Question 194

What do we pray for in the fifth petition?

In the fifth petition, (which is, Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors, (Matthew 6:12)) acknowledging, that we and all others are guilty both of original and actual sin, and thereby become debtors to the justice of God; and that neither we, nor any other creature, can make the least satisfaction for that debt: (Romans 3:9-12,19, Matthew 18:24-25, Psalm 130;3-4) we pray for ourselves and others, that God of his free grace would, through the obedience and satisfaction of Christ, apprehended and applied by faith, acquit us both from the guilt and punishment of sin, (Romans 3:24-26, Hebrews 9:22) accept us in his Beloved; (Ephesians 1:6-7) continue his favour and grace to us, (2 Peter 1:2) pardon our daily failings, (Hosea 14:2, Jeremiah 14:7) and fill us with peace and joy, in giving us daily more and more assurance of forgiveness; (Romans 15:13, Psalm 51:7-10,12) which we are the rather emboldened to ask, and encouraged to expect, when we have this testimony in ourselves, that we from the heart forgive others their offenses. (Luke 11:4, Matthew 6:14-15, Matthew 18:35)

Question 195

What do we pray for in the sixth petition?

In the sixth petition, (which is, And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, (Matthew 6:13)) acknowledging, that the most wise, righteous, and gracious God, for divers holy and just ends, may so order things, that we may be assaulted, foiled, and for a time led captive by temptations; (2 Chronicles 32:31) that Satan, (1 Chronicles 21:1) the world, (Luke 21:34, Mark 4:19) and the flesh, are ready powerfully to draw us aside, and ensnare us; (James 1:14) and that we, even after the pardon of our sins, by reason of our corruption, (Galatians 5:17) weakness, and want of watchfulness, (Matthew 26:41) are not only subject to be tempted, and forward to expose ourselves unto temptations, (Matthew 26:69-72, Galatians 2:11-14, 2 Chronicles 18:3, 2 Chronicles 19:2) but also of ourselves unable and unwilling to resist them, to recover out of them, and to improve them; (Romans 7:23-24, 1 Chronicles 21:1-4, 2 Chronicles 16:7-10) and worthy to be left under the power of them: (Psalm 81:11-12) we pray, that God would so over-rule the world and all in it, (John 17:15) subdue the flesh, (Psalm 51:10, Psalm 119:133) and restrain Satan, (2 Corinthians 12:7-8) order all things, (1 Corinthians 10:12-13) bestow and bless all means of grace, (Hebrews 13:20-21) and quicken us to watchfulness in the use of them, that we and all his people may by his providence be kept from being tempted to sin; (Matthew 26:41, Psalm 19:13) or, if tempted, the hour of temptation; (Ephesians 3:14-17, 1 Thessalonians 3:13, Jude 24) or when fallen, raised again and recovered out of it, (Psalm 51:12) and have a sanctified use and improvement thereof: (1 Peter 5:8-10) that our sanctification and salvation may be perfected, (2 Corinthians 13:7, 9) Satan trodden under our feet, (Romans 16:20, Zechariah 3:2, Luke 22:31-32) and we fully freed from sin, temptation, and all evil, for ever. (John 17:15, 1 Thessalonians 5:23)

Question 196

What doth the conclusion of the Lord’ s prayer teach us?

The conclusion of the Lord’s prayer, (which is, For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. (Matthew 6:13)) teacheth us to enforce our petitions with arguments, (Romans 15:30) which are to be taken, not from any worthiness in ourselves, or in any other creature, but from God; (Daniel 9:4,7-9,16-19) and with our prayers to join praises, (Philippians 4:6) ascribing to God alone eternal sovereignty, omnipotency, and glorious excellency; (1 Chronicles 29:10-13) in regard whereof, as he is able and willing to help us, (Ephesians 3:20-21, Luke 11:13) so we by faith are emboldened to plead with him that he would, (2 Chronicles 20:6,11) and quietly to rely upon him, that he will fulfil our requests. (2 Chronicles 14:11) And, to testify this our desire and assurance, we say, Amen. (1 Corinthians 14:16, Revelation 22:20-21)

Westminster Larger Catechism: Public Domain